The DES Science Verification weak lensing shear catalogues

We present weak lensing shear catalogues for 139 square degrees of data taken during the Science Verification (SV) time for the new Dark Energy Camera (DECam) being used for the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We describe our object selection, point spread function estimation and shear measurement procedures using two independent shear pipelines, IM3SHAPE and NGMIX, which produce catalogues of 2.12 million and 3.44 million galaxies respectively. We detail a set of null tests for the shear measurements and find that they pass the requirements for systematic errors at the level necessary for weak lensing science applications using the SV data. We also discuss some of the planned algorithmic improvements that will be necessary to produce sufficiently accurate shear catalogues for the full 5-year DES, which is expected to cover 5000 square degrees.

C. B. D'Andrea | A. Roodman | D. W. Gerdes | D. J. James | M. Soares-Santos | H. T. Diehl | D. L. DePoy | E. Buckley-Geer | A. Amara | K. Honscheid | D. Brooks | M. Schubnell | G. Tarle | E. Bertin | R. A. Gruendl | G. M. Bernstein | A. Drlica-Wagner | A. K. Romer | I. Sevilla-Noarbe | R. Armstrong | A. Benoit-L'evy | A. Carnero Rosell | L. N. da Costa | S. Desai | P. Doel | T. F. Eifler | A. Fausti Neto | J. Frieman | D. Gruen | K. Kuehn | N. Kuropatkin | O. Lahav | M. March | P. Martini | B. Nord | R. Ogando | A. A. Plazas | E. Sanchez | V. Scarpine | F. Sobreira | E. Suchyta | M. E. C. Swanson | B. Flaugher | R. H. Wechsler | M. R. Becker | F. B. Abdalla | J. Zuntz | J. P. Dietrich | D. Capozzi | P. Melchior | F. J. Castander | P. Fosalba | R. Miquel | J. Annis | M. Jarvis | N. MacCrann | M. Carrasco Kind | J. Carretero | G. Gutierrez | A. R. Walker | M. Hirsch | C. Bonnett | A. Refregier | E. Neilsen | S. Allam | M. Crocce | V. Vikram | E. M. Huff | D. Thomas | D. Gerdes | J. Frieman | O. Lahav | F. Castander | P. Fosalba | F. Abdalla | J. Mohr | D. Kirk | D. Capozzi | A. Rosell | L. Costa | K. Honscheid | R. Ogando | E. Rykoff | F. Sobreira | M. Swanson | S. Bridle | C. Bonnett | G. Bernstein | M. Hirsch | A. Amara | B. Rowe | Peter Melchior | C. Chang | M. Kind | R. Gruendl | J. Annis | M. Sako | S. Allam | H. Diehl | I. Sevilla-Noarbe | R. Wechsler | E. Bertin | D. Brooks | E. Buckley-Geer | D. Burke | J. Carretero | M. Crocce | C. Cunha | C. D'Andrea | S. Desai | P. Doel | A. Drlica-Wagner | T. Eifler | B. Flaugher | E. Gaztañaga | D. Gruen | G. Gutiérrez | D. James | K. Kuehn | N. Kuropatkin | M. Lima | R. Miquel | E. Neilsen | A. Plazas | A. Romer | A. Roodman | V. Scarpine | M. Schubnell | R. Smith | E. Suchyta | G. Tarlé | A. Walker | J. Zuntz | A. F. Neto | E. Sheldon | M. Soares-Santos | A. Benoit-Lévy | M. March | E. Sánchez | J. Dietrich | B. Jain | P. Martini | B. Nord | A. Réfrégier | J. Thaler | D. Thomas | V. Vikram | D. Depoy | S. Kent | R. Armstrong | K. Reil | E. Huff | N. MacCrann | M. Jarvis | T. Kacprzak | T. Li | R. Das | M. Becker | C. S'anchez | T. Abbott | C. Gangkofner | J. Clampitt | S. Samuroff | M. Troxel | D. L. Burke | C. E. Cunha | E. Gaztanaga | B. Jain | M. Lima | J. J. Mohr | K. Reil | E. S. Rykoff | D. Kirk | C. Chang | T. Kacprzak | E. Sheldon | T. Abbott | S. Kent | M. Sako | R. C. Smith | J. Thaler | T. S. Li | S. Samuroff | C. S'anchez | S. L. Bridle | R. Das | C. Gangkofner | B. Rowe | M. A. Troxel | J. Clampitt | M. C. Kind | A. C. Rosell | A. Roodman | A. F. Neto | C. Chang | T. Li | R. Smith | T. Li | T. Li | M. Swanson | R. C. Smith | Risa Wechsler

[1]  Aaron Roodman,et al.  Blind Analysis in Nuclear and Particle Physics , 2005 .

[2]  E. Komatsu,et al.  Cosmic shears should not be measured in conventional ways , 2010, 1002.3615.

[3]  Yannick Mellier,et al.  Evidence of the accelerated expansion of the Universe from weak lensing tomography with COSMOS , 2009, 0911.0053.

[4]  M. Bethge,et al.  Gravitational Lensing Accuracy Testing 2010 (GREAT10) Challenge Handbook , 2010, 1009.0779.

[5]  Carlos E. C. J. Gabriel,et al.  Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems Xv , 2022 .

[6]  N. Metropolis,et al.  Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines , 1953, Resonance.

[7]  D. Barrado,et al.  Dynamical analysis of nearby clusters - Automated astrometry from the ground: precision proper motions over a wide field , 2013, 1306.4446.

[8]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  The 10 Meter South Pole Telescope , 2009, 0907.4445.

[9]  T. Schrabback,et al.  Cosmic shear analysis of archival HST/ACS data. I. Comparison of early ACS pure parallel data to the , 2006, astro-ph/0606611.

[10]  M. Bartelmann,et al.  Limitations on shapelet-based weak-lensing measurements , 2009, 0906.5092.

[11]  H. Hoekstra,et al.  Very weak lensing in the CFHTLS Wide: Cosmology from cosmic shear in the linear regime , 2007, 0712.0884.

[12]  P. Astier,et al.  Evidence for self-interaction of charge distribution in charge-coupled devices , 2015, 1501.01577.

[13]  J. Mohr,et al.  THE BLANCO COSMOLOGY SURVEY: DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING, CALIBRATION, QUALITY DIAGNOSTICS, AND DATA RELEASE , 2012, 1204.1210.

[14]  Michael Hirsch,et al.  Measurement and calibration of noise bias in weak lensing galaxy shape estimation , 2012, 1203.5049.

[15]  Cosmic shear E/B-mode estimation with binned correlation function data , 2012, 1208.0068.

[16]  H. Hoekstra,et al.  The Shear Testing Programme – I. Weak lensing analysis of simulated ground-based observations , 2005, astro-ph/0506112.

[17]  Uros Seljak,et al.  Shear calibration biases in weak-lensing surveys , 2003, astro-ph/0301054.

[18]  R. Nichol,et al.  THE REDMAPPER GALAXY CLUSTER CATALOG FROM DES SCIENCE VERIFICATION DATA , 2016, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.

[19]  E. Bertin,et al.  SExtractor: Software for source extraction , 1996 .

[20]  Fast Shape Estimation for Galaxies and Stars , 2012, 1203.0571.

[21]  R. Nichol,et al.  Photometric redshift analysis in the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data , 2014, 1406.4407.

[22]  Daniel Durand,et al.  Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XI , 2009 .

[23]  Massimo Viola,et al.  Means of confusion: how pixel noise affects shear estimates for weak gravitational lensing , 2012, 1204.5147.

[24]  Gary M. Bernstein,et al.  Resampling images in fourier domain , 2014 .

[25]  H. Thomas Diehl,et al.  The Dark Energy Survey Camera (DECam) , 2012 .

[26]  Alexie Leauthaud,et al.  Precision simulation of ground-based lensing data using observations from space , 2011, 1107.4629.

[27]  M. Skrutskie,et al.  The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) , 2006 .

[28]  R. Blandford,et al.  Weighing the Giants - I. Weak-lensing masses for 51 massive galaxy clusters: project overview, data analysis methods and cluster images , 2012, 1208.0597.

[29]  H. Hoekstra,et al.  CFHTLenS: the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey , 2012, 1210.0032.

[30]  R. Ellis,et al.  The Shear TEsting Programme 2: Factors affecting high precision weak lensing analyses , 2006, astro-ph/0608643.

[31]  Robert Armstrong,et al.  GalSim: The modular galaxy image simulation toolkit , 2014, Astron. Comput..

[32]  Ue-Li Pen,et al.  Spin-induced Galaxy Alignments and Their Implications for Weak-Lensing Measurements , 2000, astro-ph/0009052.

[33]  Adam Amara,et al.  Noise bias in weak lensing shape measurements , 2012, 1203.5050.

[34]  S. Harmeling,et al.  Image analysis for cosmology: results from the GREAT10 Galaxy Challenge , 2012, 1202.5254.

[35]  Carlos Jaschek,et al.  The Bright Star Catalogue , 1982 .

[36]  H. Hoekstra,et al.  Bayesian galaxy shape measurement for weak lensing surveys – III. Application to the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey , 2012, 1210.8201.

[37]  Adam Amara,et al.  An Ultra Fast Image Generator (UFig) for wide-field astronomy , 2012, Astron. Comput..

[38]  E. Sheldon.  An implementation of Bayesian lensing shear measurement , 2014, 1403.7669.

[39]  Cea,et al.  Weak Gravitational Lensing with COSMOS: Galaxy Selection and Shape Measurements , 2007, astro-ph/0702359.

[40]  Gary M. Bernstein,et al.  Atmospheric Dispersion Effects in Weak Lensing Measurements , 2012, 1204.1346.

[41]  Adam Amara,et al.  Systematic bias in cosmic shear: extending the Fisher matrix , 2007, 0710.5171.

[42]  Chihway Chang,et al.  CALIBRATED ULTRA FAST IMAGE SIMULATIONS FOR THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY , 2015, 1504.02778.

[43]  Aaron Roodman,et al.  THE THIRD GRAVITATIONAL LENSING ACCURACY TESTING (GREAT3) CHALLENGE HANDBOOK , 2013, 1308.4982.

[44]  R. Mandelbaum,et al.  The impact of cosmic variance on simulating weak lensing surveys , 2014, 1412.1094.

[45]  G. Meylan,et al.  Interpolating point spread function anisotropy , 2012, 1210.2696.

[46]  Alexander S. Szalay,et al.  Galaxy–galaxy weak lensing in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: intrinsic alignments and shear calibration errors , 2004 .

[47]  K. Gorski,et al.  HEALPix: A Framework for High-Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere , 2004, astro-ph/0409513.

[48]  J. G. Jernigan,et al.  Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XX , 2011 .

[49]  J. Meyers,et al.  IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC CHROMATIC EFFECTS ON WEAK LENSING MEASUREMENTS , 2014, 1409.6273.

[50]  M. Giavalisco,et al.  The COSMOS Survey: Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys Observations and Data Processing , 2007 .

[51]  A. Lewis.  Galaxy shear estimation from stacked images , 2009, 0901.0649.

[52]  Gary M. Bernstein,et al.  Characterization and correction of charge-induced pixel shifts in DECam , 2015, 1501.02802.

[53]  B. Yanny,et al.  The Dark Energy Survey and operations: Year 1 , 2014, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation.

[54]  M. Bartelmann,et al.  Weak gravitational lensing with deimos , 2010, 1008.1076.

[55]  P. Schneider,et al.  B-modes in cosmic shear from source redshift clustering , 2002 .

[56]  J. G. Jernigan,et al.  Atmospheric PSF Interpolation for Weak Lensing in Short Exposure Imaging Data , 2012 .

[57]  Aaron Roodman,et al.  Wavefront sensing and the active optics system of the dark energy camera , 2014 .

[58]  H. Hoekstra.  Weak gravitational lensing , 2013, 1312.5981.

[59]  S. Seitz,et al.  Weak lensing analysis of RXC J2248.7−4431 , 2013, 1304.0764.

[60]  R. Nichol,et al.  MAPPING AND SIMULATING SYSTEMATICS DUE TO SPATIALLY VARYING OBSERVING CONDITIONS IN DES SCIENCE VERIFICATION DATA , 2015, 1507.05647.

[61]  E. Krause,et al.  Weak lensing power spectra for precision cosmology: Multiple-deflection, reduced shear and lensing bias corrections , 2009, 0910.3786.

[62]  A. Amara,et al.  Point spread function calibration requirements for dark energy from cosmic shear , 2007, 0711.4886.

[63]  D. Marquardt.  An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters , 1963 .

[64]  Kenneth Patton,et al.  The readout and control system of the Dark Energy Camera , 2012, Other Conferences.

[65]  R. Nichol,et al.  redMaGiC: selecting luminous red galaxies from the DES Science Verification data , 2015, 1507.05460.

[66]  R. Massey,et al.  IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR COSMOLOGY: RESULTS FROM THE GREAT10 STAR CHALLENGE , 2012, 1210.1979.

[67]  R. Massey,et al.  Polar Shapelets , 2004, astro-ph/0408445.

[68]  Konrad Kuijken,et al.  Probing galaxy dark matter haloes in COSMOS with weak lensing flexion , 2010, 1011.3041.

[69]  P. Astier,et al.  The brighter-fatter effect and pixel correlations in CCD sensors , 2014, 1402.0725.

[70]  B. Bigelow,et al.  Large format filter changer mechanism for the dark energy survey , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[71]  S. Bridle,et al.  Limitations of model-fitting methods for lensing shear estimation , 2009, 0905.4801.

[72]  S. Bridle,et al.  im3shape: a maximum likelihood galaxy shear measurement code for cosmic gravitational lensing , 2013, 1302.0183.

[73]  G. Bernstein,et al.  Shear Recovery Accuracy in Weak-Lensing Analysis with the Elliptical Gauss-Laguerre Method , 2006, astro-ph/0607062.

[74]  Michael R. Blanton,et al.  Systematic errors in weak lensing: application to SDSS galaxy-galaxy weak lensing , 2005 .

[75]  John A. Nelder,et al.  A Simplex Method for Function Minimization , 1965, Comput. J..

[76]  R. Nichol,et al.  Cosmic shear measurements with Dark Energy Survey science verification data , 2015, 1507.05598.

[77]  T. Kitching,et al.  Bayesian galaxy shape measurement for weak lensing surveys – I. Methodology and a fast-fitting algorithm , 2007, 0708.2340.

[78]  C. B. D'Andrea,et al.  Redshift distributions of galaxies in the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification shear catalogue and implications for weak lensing , 2015, Physical Review D.

[79]  W. H. Warren,et al.  The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th revised edition. , 1987 .

[80]  T. Broadhurst,et al.  A Method for Weak Lensing Observations , 1994, astro-ph/9411005.

[81]  Michael Hirsch,et al.  Sersic galaxy models in weak lensing shape measurement: model bias, noise bias and their interaction , 2013, 1308.4663.

[82]  S. Krughoff,et al.  The effective number density of galaxies for weak lensing measurements in the LSST project , 2013, 1305.0793.

[83]  H. Hoekstra,et al.  The impact of high spatial frequency atmospheric distortions on weak-lensing measurements , 2011, 1110.4913.

[84]  G. M. Bernstein,et al.  Shapes and Shears, Stars and Smears: Optimal Measurements for Weak Lensing , 2001 .

[85]  R. Nichol,et al.  Mass and galaxy distributions of four massive galaxy clusters from Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data , 2014, 1405.4285.

[86]  John Shawe-Taylor,et al.  HANDBOOK FOR THE GREAT08 CHALLENGE: AN IMAGE ANALYSIS COMPETITION FOR COSMOLOGICAL LENSING , 2008, 0802.1214.

[87]  M. Bethge,et al.  Results of the GREAT08 Challenge?: an image analysis competition for cosmological lensing: Results o , 2009, 0908.0945.

[88]  H. Rix,et al.  Cosmological weak lensing with the HST GEMS survey , 2004, astro-ph/0411324.

[89]  Gary M. Bernstein,et al.  Bayesian lensing shear measurement , 2013, 1304.1843.

[90]  Daniel Foreman-Mackey,et al.  emcee: The MCMC Hammer , 2012, 1202.3665.

[91]  B. Yanny,et al.  Star/galaxy separation at faint magnitudes: application to a simulated Dark Energy Survey , 2013, 1306.5236.

[92]  David M. Wittman,et al.  Detection of weak gravitational lensing distortions of distant galaxies by cosmic dark matter at large scales , 2000, Nature.

[93]  C. B. D'Andrea,et al.  Cosmology from cosmic shear with Dark Energy Survey science verification data , 2015, 1507.05552.

[94]  B. Rowe.  Improving PSF modelling for weak gravitational lensing using new methods in model selection , 2009, 0904.3056.

[95]  P.V.C. Hough,et al.  Machine Analysis of Bubble Chamber Pictures , 1959 .

[96]  C. Bonnett.  Using neural networks to estimate redshift distributions. An application to CFHTLenS , 2013, 1312.1287.

[97]  Weak Lensing Measurements: A Revisited Method and Application toHubble Space Telescope Images , 1999, astro-ph/9905090.

[98]  Michael D. Schneider,et al.  GREAT3 results - I. Systematic errors in shear estimation and the impact of real galaxy morphology , 2014, 1412.1825.

[99]  G. Bernstein,et al.  Weak-Lensing Results from the 75 Square Degree Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Survey , 2003 .

[100]  Matthew R. Becker,et al.  Fourier Band-Power E/B-mode Estimators for Cosmic Shear , 2014, 1412.3851.

[101]  Edwin Valentijn,et al.  Gravitational lensing analysis of the Kilo-Degree Survey , 2015, 1507.00738.

[102]  Stefan Hilbert,et al.  COSMIC SHEAR RESULTS FROM THE DEEP LENS SURVEY. I. JOINT CONSTRAINTS ON ΩM AND σ8 WITH A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS , 2012, 1210.2732.

[103]  Emmanuel Bertin,et al.  The Dark Energy Survey data processing and calibration system , 2012, Other Conferences.

[104]  Gary M. Bernstein,et al.  Shape measurement biases from underfitting and ellipticity gradients , 2010, 1001.2333.

[105]  David W. Hogg,et al.  Replacing Standard Galaxy Profiles with Mixtures of Gaussians , 2012, 1210.6563.

[106]  Richard O. Duda,et al.  Use of the Hough transformation to detect lines and curves in pictures , 1972, CACM.

[107]  Walter A. Siegmund,et al.  The Second Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , 2004 .

[108]  J.Lee,et al.  THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA , 2004, The Dark Energy Survey.