Semi-loss-tolerant strong quantum coin-flipping protocol using quantum non-demolition measurement

In this paper, we present a semi-loss-tolerant strong quantum coin-flipping (QCF) protocol with the best bias of 0.3536. Our manuscript applies quantum non-demolition measurement to quantum coin-flipping protocol. Furthermore, a single photon as a single qubit is used to avoid the difficult implementation of EPR resources. We also analyze the security of our protocol obtaining the best result among all coin-flipping protocols considering loss. A semi-loss-tolerant quantum dice rolling (QDR) protocol is first proposed, and the security of corresponding three-party QDR is analyzed to better demonstrate the security of our QCF.

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