Point-of-Care Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Stroke Biomarkers NT-proBNP and S100β Using a Functionalized Gold Chip with Specific Antibody

Surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) is a quantum-electromagnetic phenomenon arising from the interaction of light with free electrons at a metal-dielectric interface. At a specific angle/wavelength of light, the photon’s energy is transferred to excite the oscillation of the free electrons on the surface. A change in the refractive-index (RI) may occur, which is influenced by the analyte concentration in the medium in close contact with the metal surface. SPR has been widely used for the detection of gaseous, liquid, or solid samples. In this study, a functionalized specific SPR chip was designed and used in a novel point-of-care SPR module (PhotonicSys SPR H5) for the detection of the stroke biomarkers NT-proBNP and S100β. These biomarkers have proven to be good for stroke diagnosis, with sensitivity and specificity of >85%. Specific detection was done by binding a biomolecular-recognizing antibody onto the Au SPR-chip. Detection was tested in water and plasma samples. NT-proBNP and S100β were detected in a range of concentrations for stroke, from 0.1 ng/mL to 10 ng/mL. The RI of the blank plasma samples was 1.362412, and the lowest concentration tested for both biomarkers showed a prominent shift in the RI signal (0.25 ng/mL NT-proBNP (1.364215) and S100β (1.364024)). The sensor demonstrated a clinically relevant limit-of-detection of less than ng/mL.

[1]  Luis Cano,et al.  Blood Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Stroke: The Stroke-Chip Study , 2017, Stroke.

[2]  S. Habraken,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance-based biosensors: From the development of different SPR structures to novel surface functionalization strategies , 2011 .

[3]  Manfred Herrmann,et al.  Brain derived proteins as markers of acute stroke: their relation to pathophysiology, outcome prediction and neuroprotective drug monitoring. , 2003, Restorative neurology and neuroscience.

[4]  A. Richards,et al.  The amino-terminal portion of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP) circulates in human plasma. , 1995, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[5]  Brett C Meyer,et al.  Identification of nonischemic stroke mimics among 411 code strokes at the University of California, San Diego, Stroke Center. , 2008, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[6]  Sabine Szunerits,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance on gold and silver films coated with thin layers of amorphous silicon-carbon alloys. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[7]  Kazuto Kobayashi,et al.  Brain Natriuretic Peptide as a Predictor of Cardioembolism in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: Brain Natriuretic Peptide Stroke Prospective Study , 2013, European Neurology.

[8]  A. Valadka,et al.  Biomarkers for acute diagnosis and management of stroke in neurointensive care units , 2016, Brain circulation.

[9]  Y. Long,et al.  Predicting cardioembolic stroke with the B-type natriuretic peptide test: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2014, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[10]  Naoto Minamino,et al.  A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain , 1988, Nature.

[11]  S. Loefas,et al.  Immobilization of proteins to a carboxymethyldextran-modified gold surface for biospecific interaction analysis in surface plasmon resonance sensors. , 1991, Analytical biochemistry.

[12]  J. Rolland,et al.  Metallic film optimization in a surface plasmon resonance biosensor by the extended Rouard method. , 2007, Applied optics.

[13]  Natalia S. Rost,et al.  B-Type Natriuretic Peptides Help in Cardioembolic Stroke Diagnosis: Pooled Data Meta-Analysis , 2015, Stroke.

[14]  J. Cata,et al.  Neurological biomarkers in the perioperative period. , 2011, British journal of anaesthesia.

[15]  R. Erbel,et al.  B‐type natriuretic peptide predicts stroke of presumable cardioembolic origin in addition to coronary artery calcification , 2014, European journal of neurology.

[16]  E. V. Chulkov,et al.  Theory of surface plasmons and surface-plasmon polaritons , 2007 .

[17]  Kenji Nakashima,et al.  Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide is a Marker of Prognostic Functional Outcome in Non-Cardioembolic Infarction. , 2015, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[18]  Bong Hyun Chung,et al.  Ultrasensitive and ultrawide range detection of a cardiac biomarker on a surface plasmon resonance platform. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  Mohd Adzir Mahdi,et al.  Development of an optical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance phenomenon for diagnosis of dengue virus E-protein , 2018, Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research.

[20]  E. Leclerc,et al.  Measuring binding of S100 proteins to RAGE by surface plasmon resonance. , 2013, Methods in molecular biology.

[21]  Alan S Maisel,et al.  A prospective study in search of an optimal B-natriuretic peptide level to screen patients for cardiac dysfunction. , 2004, American heart journal.

[22]  C. Cunningham,et al.  Recovery after stroke: a 1-year profile , 2009, Disability and rehabilitation.

[23]  Manfred Herrmann,et al.  Release of Glial Tissue–Specific Proteins After Acute Stroke: A Comparative Analysis of Serum Concentrations of Protein S-100B and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein , 2000, Stroke.

[24]  Yusuke Arima,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance-based highly sensitive immunosensing for brain natriuretic peptide using nanobeads for signal amplification. , 2006, Analytical biochemistry.

[25]  Murat Çabalar,et al.  The Relationship of Serum S100B Levels with Infarction Size and Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. , 2014, Noro psikiyatri arsivi.

[26]  Ibrahim Abdulhalim,et al.  Coupling configurations between extended surface electromagnetic waves and localized surface plasmons for ultrahigh field enhancement , 2018, Nanophotonics.

[27]  B. Liedberg,et al.  Principles of biosensing with an extended coupling matrix and surface plasmon resonance , 1993 .

[28]  Diego Gazzolo,et al.  Neuromarkers and unconventional biological fluids , 2010, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.

[29]  Arunas Ramanavicius,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance label‐free monitoring of antibody antigen interactions in real time , 2007, Biochemistry and molecular biology education : a bimonthly publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[30]  Frank Kleinjung,et al.  Differential binding studies applying functional protein microarrays and surface plasmon resonance , 2006, Proteomics.

[31]  M. Luby,et al.  Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. , 2004, JAMA.

[32]  Dennis G. Hall,et al.  Surface-plasmon dispersion relation: Shifts induced by the interaction with localized plasma resonances , 1983 .

[33]  J. Saver.  Time Is Brain—Quantified , 2006, Stroke.

[34]  V. Sapira,et al.  Could pro-Bnp, uric acid, bilirubin, albumin and transferrin be used in making the distinction between stroke subtypes? , 2013, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[35]  R. Donato,et al.  S100: a multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles. , 2001, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[36]  K. Strimbu,et al.  What are biomarkers? , 2010, Current opinion in HIV and AIDS.

[37]  John A Butman,et al.  Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. , 2004, JAMA.

[38]  He Mingfeng,et al.  Experiences and the use of BNP POCT platform on suspected stroke patients by a Chinese emergency department , 2014, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology.

[39]  Ryoji Kurita,et al.  On-chip enzyme immunoassay of a cardiac marker using a microfluidic device combined with a portable surface plasmon resonance system. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[40]  R. Donato,et al.  Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins , 2003, Microscopy research and technique.

[41]  Claudio Passino,et al.  State of the art of immunoassay methods for B-type natriuretic peptides: An update , 2015, Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences.

[42]  Adnan I. Qureshi,et al.  Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke , 2007 .

[43]  Ibrahim Abdulhalim,et al.  Phase-shifted polarimetric surface plasmon resonance sensor using a liquid crystal retarder and a diverging beam. , 2019, Optics letters.

[44]  Raymond C S Seet,et al.  Prolonged Rhythm Monitoring for the Detection of Occult Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Ischemic Stroke of Unknown Cause , 2011, Circulation.

[45]  J. Homola,et al.  Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensors , 2006 .

[46]  J Perl,et al.  Serum S-100beta as a possible marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. , 2002, Brain research.

[47]  Ibrahim Abdulhalim,et al.  Study of Immobilization Procedure on Silver Nanolayers and Detection of Estrone with Diverged Beam Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Imaging , 2013, Biosensors.

[48]  Qianpeng Han,et al.  Validation of the use of B-type natriuretic peptide point-of-care test platform in preliminary recognition of cardioembolic stroke patients in the ED. , 2015, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[49]  R. Bullock,et al.  Biomarkers for the Clinical Differential Diagnosis in Traumatic Brain Injury—A Systematic Review , 2013, CNS neuroscience & therapeutics.

[50]  Cynthia Balion,et al.  B-type natriuretic peptide-guided therapy: a systematic review , 2014, Heart Failure Reviews.

[51]  Patrícia Canhão,et al.  N-Terminal Probrain Natriuretic Peptide as a Biomarker of Cardioembolic Stroke , 2011, International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.

[52]  M. Hennerici,et al.  Classification of Stroke Subtypes , 2009, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[53]  K. Addicks,et al.  Calcium-Calmodulinantagonists Influence Release of Cardiodilatin/ANP from Atrial Cardiocytes , 1989 .

[54]  J. Homola.  Surface plasmon resonance based sensors , 2006 .

[55]  C. Hamm,et al.  Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine , 2005, Heart.

[56]  Ibrahim Abdulhalim,et al.  Self-referenced sensor utilizing extra-ordinary optical transmission from metal nanoslits array. , 2015, Optics letters.

[57]  Mingfu Zhao,et al.  Human heart failure biomarker immunosensor based on excessively tilted fiber gratings. , 2017, Biomedical optics express.

[58]  J Perl,et al.  Serum S-100β as a possible marker of blood–brain barrier disruption , 2002, Brain Research.

[59]  Robert S. Marks,et al.  Point-of-Care-Testing in Acute Stroke Management: An Unmet Need Ripe for Technological Harvest , 2017, Biosensors.

[60]  Kazuhiko Fujiwara,et al.  Measurement of antibody binding to protein immobilized on gold nanoparticles by localized surface plasmon spectroscopy , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[61]  Stefano Mariani,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance applications in clinical analysis , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[62]  David Lee Gordon,et al.  Classification of Subtype of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Definitions for Use in a Multicenter Clinical Trial , 1993, Stroke.

[63]  Christine Cheung,et al.  Stroke biomarkers in clinical practice: A critical appraisal , 2017, Neurochemistry International.

[64]  H. Ming,et al.  Review of surface plasmon resonance and localized surface plasmon resonance sensor , 2012 .

[65]  A. Ebert,et al.  Early neurobehavioral outcome after stroke is related to release of neurobiochemical markers of brain damage. , 1999, Stroke.

[66]  A. Friedman,et al.  Neuron-specific enolase and S 100B protein as predictors of outcome in ischaemic stroke. , 2010, Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska.

[67]  Vijay Kumar Sharma,et al.  Association of plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels in acute ischemic stroke subtypes and outcome. , 2015, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[68]  A. Ulman,et al.  Formation and Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers. , 1996, Chemical reviews.

[69]  Ying Liu,et al.  Highly sensitive detection of protein toxins by surface plasmon resonance with biotinylation-based inline atom transfer radical polymerization amplification. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[70]  Sabine Szunerits,et al.  Surface Plasmon Resonance Investigation of Silver and Gold Films Coated with Thin Indium Tin Oxide Layers: Influence on Stability and Sensitivity , 2008 .

[71]  A. Di Carlo.  Human and economic burden of stroke. , 2009, Age and ageing.

[72]  S. Alegret,et al.  Determination of probable alcohol yield in musts by means of an SPR optical sensor , 1993 .

[73]  Shinichiro Uchiyama,et al.  Brain natriuretic peptide in acute ischemic stroke. , 2014, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[74]  Caroline R. Basso,et al.  A fast and highly sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus by the naked eye , 2015 .

[75]  W. Landau,et al.  Editorial comment--time to burn the TOAST. , 2005, Stroke.

[76]  Hooman Bakhshandeh,et al.  The diagnostic value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in differentiating cardioembolic ischemic stroke. , 2013, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[77]  Ibrahim Abdulhalim,et al.  Surface Plasmon Resonance for Biosensing: A Mini-Review , 2008 .

[78]  K. Kimura,et al.  Plasma brain natriuretic peptide can be a biological marker to distinguish cardioembolic stroke from other stroke types in acute ischemic stroke. , 2009, Internal medicine.