Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production

This paper examines progress in tourism planning and policy knowledge and identifies gaps and future directions for research. The study employs a post-structuralist perspective presented in two analytical movements: a bibliographic study of tourism policy and planning publications in Scopus and Science Direct and thematic analysis, plus an archaeological excavation. This combined approach pays attention to the disruptions, silences and diversity of knowledge in tourism policy and planning. It highlights the way tourism planning and policy has been problematized and reveals the social regularities shaping the production of tourism planning and policy knowledge. Multi-disciplinary, mainstream subjects related to destination development and management dominate while critical analysis of economic and political structures, interests and values is lagging. The results point to an urgent need to progress tourism planning and policy towards greater visibility, legitimacy and importance in tourism studies through more critical engagement with tourism public policy and planning practice.

[1]  Lisa Ruhanen,et al.  Tourism Policy-Making in Australia: A National and State Perspective , 2014 .

[2]  H. D. Cros A new model to assist in planning for sustainable cultural heritage tourism. , 2001 .

[3]  C. Hall,et al.  Tourism and Post-Disciplinary Enquiry , 2006 .

[4]  J. Saarinen,et al.  ‘Destinations in change’ , 2004 .

[5]  H. G. Mathews International Tourism and Political Science Research , 1975 .

[6]  Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Justice Tourism and Alternative Globalisation , 2008 .

[7]  B. Bramwell,et al.  Power and tourism policy relations in transition , 2007 .

[8]  Kevin Jiang Introduction , 2013, Nature Medicine.

[9]  H. Zhang,et al.  An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China , 1999 .

[10]  J. Law After Method: Mess in Social Science Research , 2004 .

[11]  G. Miller,et al.  Complexity Theory and Tourism Policy Research , 2009 .

[12]  S. Smith,et al.  Tourism policy and planning. , 2020, Tourism.

[13]  D. Getz,et al.  Community roundtables for tourism-related conflicts: the dialectics of consensus and process structures. , 1999 .

[14]  K. Dewar Tourism in national parks and protected areas: planning and management , 2004 .

[15]  Dianne Dredge,et al.  Stories of Practice: Tourism Policy and Planning , 2012 .

[16]  J. Habermas,et al.  Knowledge and Human Interests. , 1973 .

[17]  Harold Richins,et al.  Influences on Tourism Development Decision Making: Coastal Local Government Areas in Eastern Australia , 2000 .

[18]  J. Craik Resorting to tourism: Cultural policies for tourist development in Australia , 1991 .

[19]  Tazim Jamal,et al.  Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: toward the Just Destination , 2014 .

[20]  C. Hall,et al.  The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability , 2015 .

[21]  I. Hay,et al.  Towards a Public Participation Framework in Tourism Planning , 2013 .

[22]  A. Vernis,et al.  The changing role of governments and the emergence of the relational state , 2008 .

[23]  Dianne Dredge Local Government Tourism Planning and Policy-making in New South Wales: Institutional Development and Historical Legacies , 2001 .

[24]  Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Indigenous ecotourism's role in transforming ecological consciousness , 2009 .

[25]  Patsy Healey,et al.  Relational complexity and the imaginative power of strategic spatial planning1 , 2006 .

[26]  M. Weber From Max Weber: Essays in sociology , 1946 .

[27]  P. Forsyth,et al.  Assessing the benefits and costs of inbound tourism , 1993 .

[28]  Laurent Dobuzinskis,et al.  Historical and epistemological trends in public administration , 1997 .

[29]  T. Jamal,et al.  Community case study research: Researcher operacy,embeddedness, and making research matter , 2013 .

[30]  Graeme Hodge,et al.  Public‐Private Partnerships: Governance Scheme or Language Game? , 2010 .

[31]  B. Massumi,et al.  The postmodern condition : a report on knowledge , 1979 .

[32]  B. Bramwell,et al.  Collaboration in local tourism policymaking , 1999 .

[33]  A. Kellerman,et al.  The Constitution of Society : Outline of the Theory of Structuration , 2015 .

[34]  C. Mills,et al.  From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology , 1946 .

[35]  M. Kozak,et al.  Measuring tourist destination competitiveness: conceptual considerations and empirical findings , 1999 .

[36]  Maureen G. Reed,et al.  Power relations and community-based tourism planning , 1997 .

[37]  D. Pearce,et al.  Tourism systems: An interdisciplinary perspective , 1991 .

[38]  D. Gursoy,et al.  Public trust in tourism institutions. , 2012 .

[39]  E. Inskeep Tourism planning: an emerging specialization , 1988 .

[40]  J. Swanson Tourism policy agenda setting, interest groups and legislative capture , 2012 .

[41]  Theresa N. Westover,et al.  TOURISM: A COMMUNITY APPROACH , 1987, Landscape Journal.

[42]  Stefan Gössling,et al.  Sustainable Tourism Futures: Perspectives on Systems, Restructuring and Innovations , 2008 .

[43]  Poverty Tourism, Justice, and Policy , 2011 .

[44]  J. Urry,et al.  Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play , 2004 .

[45]  A. Giddens,et al.  Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order , 1994 .

[46]  D. Schoen The Reflective Practitioner , 1983 .

[47]  Sun Jiu-xi,et al.  On the Community Participation in Tourism Planning , 2003 .

[48]  M. Foucault The archaeology of knowledge , 1970 .

[49]  Marie-Christine Therrien,et al.  Sustainable tourism indicators: selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition , 2013 .

[50]  T. Jamal,et al.  Multistakeholder Collaboration as Symbolic Marketplace and Pedagogic Practice , 2004 .

[51]  V. Dinica Governance for sustainable tourism: a comparison of international and Dutch visions , 2009 .

[52]  J. Scheurich Policy archaeology: a new policy studies methodology , 1994 .

[53]  C. A. Gunn Vacationscape;: Designing tourist regions , 1972 .

[54]  Christof Pforr,et al.  Tourism policy in the making: an Australian network study. , 2006 .

[55]  Dan Wang,et al.  Factors affecting tourism policy implementation : a conceptual framework and a case study in China , 2013 .

[56]  Dianne Dredge,et al.  Place change and tourism development conflict: Evaluating public interest , 2010 .

[57]  J. Jenkins The Dynamics of Regional Tourism Organisations in New South Wales, Australia: History, Structures and Operations , 2000 .

[58]  J. Swanson,et al.  Tourism Policy and Planning: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow , 2007 .

[59]  Peter E. Murphy,et al.  Tourism: A Community Approach , 1987 .

[60]  B. Bramwell Actors, power, and discourses of growth limits , 2006 .

[61]  V. Chheang The Political Economy of Tourism in Cambodia , 2008 .

[62]  E. Michael Public Choice and Tourism Analysis , 2001 .

[63]  L. Richter Tourism politics and political science: A case of not so benign neglect , 1983 .

[64]  Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Death by a thousand cuts: governance and environmental trade-offs in ecotourism development at Kangaroo Island, South Australia , 2011 .

[65]  Freya Higgins-Desbiolles More than an “industry”: The forgotten power of tourism as a social force , 2006 .

[66]  Russell Smith Beach resort evolution: Implications for planning , 1992 .

[67]  Sherry R. Amstein “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” , 1969 .

[68]  M. Clancy Tourism and DEVELOPMENTEvidence from Mexico , 1999 .

[69]  Constantia Anastasiadou,et al.  Tourism Interest Groups in the EU Policy Arena: Characteristics, Relationships and Challenges , 2008 .

[70]  B. Ritchie Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry , 2004 .

[71]  P. Taylor Webb,et al.  Policy problematization , 2014 .

[72]  Pennie Fogth Henriksen,et al.  From Local Promotion Towards Regional Tourism Policies: Knowledge Processes and Actor Networks in North Jutland, Denmark , 2009 .

[73]  N. Leiper Partial industrialization of tourism systems , 1990 .

[74]  R. Sharpley,et al.  Tourism and development : concepts and issues , 2002 .

[75]  Dianne Dredge,et al.  Mobilities on the Gold Coast, Australia: implications for destination governance and sustainable tourism , 2013 .

[76]  T. Dye Understanding Public Policy , 1972 .

[77]  Andrew Davey,et al.  Towards Cosmopolis , 2000 .

[78]  Ralf Buckley,et al.  Sustainable Tourism: Research and Reality , 2012 .

[79]  Kristina M. Spurgin The Sense-Making Approach and the Study of Personal Information Management , 2006 .

[80]  P. Murphy Community driven tourism planning , 1988 .

[81]  Victoria Hoban,et al.  The Reflective Practitioner , 2013 .

[82]  C. Hall,et al.  A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis , 2011 .

[83]  Donald Getz,et al.  Models in tourism planning: Towards integration of theory and practice , 1986 .

[84]  R. Morgan 6 – Policy Issues and Options , 1979 .

[85]  S. Arnstein,et al.  Ladder of Citizen Participation , 2020 .

[86]  Ali Asadi,et al.  Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach , 2014 .

[87]  C. Jenkins Tourism policies in developing countries: a critique , 1980 .

[88]  R. Butler The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. , 1980 .

[89]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[90]  James B. Rule,et al.  Theory and Progress in Social Science. , 2000 .

[91]  B. Flyvbjerg Phronetic planning research: theoretical and methodological reflections , 2004 .

[92]  M. Foucault,et al.  Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 , 1980 .

[93]  E. Ruiz-Ballesteros Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador , 2011 .

[94]  J. Aarstad,et al.  Development of tourism destinations: An Integrated Multilevel Perspective , 2011 .

[95]  Claire Dinan,et al.  The Role of Interested Groups in England's Emerging Tourism Policy Network , 2001 .

[96]  D. Pearce Federalism and the Organization of Tourism in Belgium , 1996 .

[97]  Dianne Dredge,et al.  Australian National Tourism Policy: Influences of Reflexive and Political Modernisation , 2012 .

[98]  D. Reid,et al.  Community Tourism Planning: A Self-Assessment Instrument , 2004 .

[99]  Aylin Orbasli,et al.  Tourism and Heritage Conservation , 2009 .

[100]  Other Tourism and Local Agenda 21: The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable Tourism , 2003 .

[101]  B. Bramwell,et al.  Governance, the state and sustainable tourism: a political economy approach , 2011 .

[102]  J. Jafari Tourism models: the sociocultural aspects , 1987 .

[103]  María José Zapata Campos,et al.  Public Administration and Tourism – International and Nordic Perspectives , 2014 .

[104]  Donald Getz,et al.  Capacity to absorb tourism: Concepts and implications for strategic planning , 1983 .

[105]  T. Jamal,et al.  The short and long of collaborative planning in the mountain resort destination of Canmore, Canada , 2011 .

[106]  Dianne Dredge,et al.  Federal–State Relations and Tourism Public Policy, New South Wales, Australia , 2003 .

[107]  Tazim Jamal,et al.  Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability , 2009 .

[108]  Brian Archer,et al.  Trends in tourism planning and development , 1982 .

[109]  C. Hall,et al.  Tourism and Public Policy , 1995 .

[110]  E. Grimaldi Analysing policy in the context(s) of practice: a theoretical puzzle , 2012, Foucault and Education.

[111]  B. Archer Tourism in Mauritius: an economic impact study with marketing implications , 1985 .

[112]  Dianne Dredge Policy Networks and the local organisation of tourism , 2006 .

[113]  R. Butler,et al.  Complexity in tourism policies : a cognitive mapping approach , 2011 .

[114]  R. C. Wood,et al.  Politics, policy and regional tourism administration: a case examination of Scottish area tourist board funding , 2001 .

[115]  Elise Truly Sautter,et al.  Managing stakeholders a Tourism Planning Model , 1999 .

[116]  Cevat Tosun,et al.  Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries , 2000, Tourism Management.

[117]  Peter Forsyth,et al.  Evaluating tourism's economic effects: new and old approaches , 2004 .

[118]  D. Getz,et al.  Does strategic planning pay? Lessons for destinations from corporate planning experience , 1996 .

[119]  C. Hall,et al.  Tourism And Politics: Policy, Power And Place , 1999 .

[120]  Fernando Almeida Garcia A comparative study of the evolution of tourism policy in Spain and Portugal , 2014 .

[121]  M. Foucault,et al.  The Order of Things , 2017 .

[122]  A. Lew,et al.  Political Economy of Tourism : Regulation Theory , Institutions and Governance Networks , 2013 .

[123]  M. Whitford,et al.  Event tourism governance and the public sphere , 2011 .

[124]  John J. Pigram,et al.  Tourism, development and growth : the challenge of sustainability , 1997 .

[125]  E. B. Woods Progress as a Sociological Concept , 1907, American Journal of Sociology.

[126]  R. McIntosh Tourism principles, practices, and philosophies , 1972 .

[127]  P. Wagner Successive Modernities and the Idea of Progress: A First Attempt , 2010 .

[128]  Frederic Bouchon,et al.  Tourism planning and a nation's vision: a review of the tourism policy of Sri Lanka , 2014 .

[129]  David Harvey The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism , 2019, Estado & comunes, revista de políticas y problemas públicos.

[130]  Brian Keogh,et al.  Public participation in community tourism planning. , 1990 .

[131]  H. Joas,et al.  Social Theory: Twenty Introductory Lectures , 2010 .

[132]  K. Oatley Structure of Knowledge , 1972, Nature.

[133]  S. Ball Policy Sociology and Critical Social Research: A Personal Review of Recent Education Policy and Policy Research. , 1997 .

[134]  Dianne Dredge,et al.  Local tourism governance: a comparison of three network approaches , 2010 .

[135]  P. Dieke Policies for tourism development in Kenya. , 1991 .

[136]  B. Bramwell,et al.  A STRATEGIC-RELATIONAL APPROACH TO TOURISM POLICY , 2013 .

[137]  B. Bramwell,et al.  Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and Sustainability , 2000 .

[138]  D Beirman The integration of emergency management and tourism , 2011 .

[139]  E. Okazaki,et al.  A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its Conception and Use , 2008 .

[140]  R. Sharpley,et al.  Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? , 2009 .

[141]  N. Morgan,et al.  Constructing Tourism Research: a critical inquiry , 2010 .

[142]  Ross K. Dowling,et al.  An Environmentally-based Planning Model for Regional Tourism Development , 1993 .

[143]  A. Church Local and Regional Tourism Policy and Power , 2008 .

[144]  Donald Getz,et al.  Planning for tourism business districts. , 1993 .

[145]  Charles O. Jones An introduction to the study of public policy , 1977 .

[146]  J. Habermas,et al.  Knowledge and Human Interests , 1972 .

[147]  A. Morrison,et al.  The Tourism System: An Introductory Text , 1985 .

[148]  A. Amin,et al.  Knowing in action: beyond communities of practice , 2008 .

[149]  Peter Burns,et al.  TOURISM PLANNING: A Third Way? , 2004 .

[150]  S. Turner,et al.  The SAGE Handbook of Social Science Methodology , 2007 .

[151]  Cevat Tosun Stages in the emergence of a participatory tourism development approach in the Developing World , 2005 .

[152]  C. Padín,et al.  A sustainable tourism planning model: components and relationships , 2012 .

[153]  C. Kaiser,et al.  Tourism Planning and Development , 1978 .

[154]  Trevor Gale,et al.  Critical policy sociology: historiography, archaeology and genealogy as methods of policy analysis , 2001 .

[155]  C. Hall,et al.  Tourism place-making: Governance of Locality in Sweden , 2012 .

[156]  D. Getz,et al.  The environment‐community symbiosis: A case for collaborative tourism planning , 1994 .

[157]  A. Vourc'h,et al.  Tourism and Local Agenda 21: The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable Tourism , 2003 .

[158]  C. Cooper,et al.  Improving tourism destination governance: a complexity science approach , 2010 .

[159]  Simon Milne,et al.  Tourism, economic development and the global-local nexus: Theory embracing complexity , 2001 .

[160]  Perry Hystad,et al.  Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework: long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster. , 2008 .

[161]  Poverty Tourism , Justice , and Policy Can Ethical Ideals Form the Basis of New Regulations ? , 2011 .

[162]  C. Jenkins,et al.  Developing tourism destinations: Policies and perspectives , 1991 .

[163]  P. Burns,et al.  Tourism and Politics: Global Frameworks and Local Realities , 2007 .