Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report

This Executive Summary of the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 Report focuses primarily on the revised and novel parts of the document. The most significant changes include: (i) the assessment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been refined to separate the spirometric assessment from symptom evaluation. ABCD groups are now proposed to be derived exclusively from patient symptoms and their history of exacerbations; (ii) for each of the groups A to D, escalation strategies for pharmacological treatments are proposed; (iii) the concept of de‐escalation of therapy is introduced in the treatment assessment scheme; (iv)non‐pharmacological therapies are comprehensively presented and (v) the importance of co‐morbid conditions in managing COPD is reviewed.

[1]  N. Chavannes,et al.  Effectiveness of integrated disease management for primary care chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: results of cluster randomised trial , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[2]  Miwako Kobayashi,et al.  Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices , 2019, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[3]  P. Poole,et al.  Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2019, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[4]  N. Team Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management , 2018 .

[5]  Michel Wolff,et al.  Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. , 2017, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[6]  P. Poole,et al.  Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2017, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[7]  R. Holle,et al.  Peripheral Artery Disease and Its Clinical Relevance in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the COPD and Systemic Consequences‐Comorbidities Network Study , 2017, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[8]  David M. Shade,et al.  A Randomized Trial of Long-Term Oxygen for COPD with Moderate Desaturation. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  M. V. Lopez Varela,et al.  Development of a simple screening tool for opportunistic COPD case finding in primary care in Latin America: The PUMA study , 2016, Respirology.

[10]  R. Ferrence,et al.  Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review. , 2016, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[11]  Robert West,et al.  Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends , 2016, British Medical Journal.

[12]  Dave Singh,et al.  Single inhaler triple therapy versus inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting β2-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRILOGY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial , 2016, The Lancet.

[13]  K. Rabe,et al.  Effect of Roflumilast and Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting β2-Agonist on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations (RE(2)SPOND). A Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[14]  E. A. V. van Eerd,et al.  Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2016, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[15]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Beta-blockers in COPD: time for reappraisal , 2016, European Respiratory Journal.

[16]  R. Rodríguez-Roisín,et al.  Oral Low-dose Theophylline on Top of Inhaled Fluticasone-Salmeterol Does Not Reduce Exacerbations in Patients With Severe COPD: A Pilot Clinical Trial. , 2016, Chest.

[17]  S. Glantz,et al.  E-cigarettes and smoking cessation - Authors' reply. , 2016, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[18]  G. Michaud,et al.  Effect of Endobronchial Coils vs Usual Care on Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The RENEW Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, JAMA.

[19]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Indacaterol-Glycopyrronium versus Salmeterol-Fluticasone for COPD. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  Robert Paine,et al.  Clinical Significance of Symptoms in Smokers with Preserved Pulmonary Function. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  A. Schols,et al.  The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review. , 2016, COPD.

[22]  T. Troosters,et al.  Increasing implementation and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation: key messages from the new ATS/ERS policy statement , 2016, European Respiratory Journal.

[23]  F. Martinez,et al.  Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial , 2016, The Lancet.

[24]  R. Casaburi,et al.  Phenotype of Spirometric Impairment in an Aging Population. , 2016, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[25]  Y. Kuo,et al.  Association of Psychological Disorders With 30-Day Readmission Rates in Patients With COPD. , 2016, Chest.

[26]  R. Hancox,et al.  Cardiac dysfunction during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2016, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[27]  C. Marquette,et al.  Lung Volume Reduction Coil Treatment vs Usual Care in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The REVOLENS Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, JAMA.

[28]  E. V. van Rikxoort,et al.  Endobronchial Valves for Emphysema without Interlobar Collateral Ventilation. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  E. Kerwin,et al.  FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2: Efficacy and Safety of QVA149 (Indacaterol/Glycopyrrolate) versus Its Monocomponents and Placebo in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[30]  C. Roberts,et al.  Risk of death and readmission of hospital-admitted COPD exacerbations: European COPD Audit , 2015, European Respiratory Journal.

[31]  C. Cates,et al.  Long-acting beta2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta2-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[32]  E. Kerwin,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium Added to Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol in Patients with COPD: Results of Two Randomized, Double-Blind Studies , 2015, COPD.

[33]  R. Casaburi,et al.  Phenotype of normal spirometry in an aging population. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[34]  Dave Singh,et al.  Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life. , 2015, Respiratory medicine.

[35]  Y. Oh,et al.  Lung function decline rates according to GOLD group in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2015, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[36]  Charlotte Suppli Ulrik,et al.  Effect of tele health care on exacerbations and hospital admissions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial , 2015, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[37]  Meilan K. Han,et al.  Clinical and Radiologic Disease in Smokers With Normal Spirometry. , 2015, JAMA internal medicine.

[38]  M. Cazzola,et al.  Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis , 2015, European Respiratory Review.

[39]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Blood Eosinophils: A Biomarker of Response to Extrafine Beclomethasone/Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[40]  E. Bateman,et al.  Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT) , 2015, Respiratory Research.

[41]  G. Criner,et al.  Surgical Approaches to Treating Emphysema: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery, Bullectomy, and Lung Transplantation , 2015, Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

[42]  N. Maimon,et al.  The Association Between Hospital Readmission and Pulmonologist Follow-up Visits in Patients With COPD. , 2015, Chest.

[43]  D. Postma,et al.  Relapse in FEV1 Decline After Steroid Withdrawal in COPD. , 2015, Chest.

[44]  Hayden McRobbie,et al.  E-cigarettes: an evidence update. A report commissioned by Public Health England. , 2015 .

[45]  Berend C Stoel,et al.  Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe α1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2015, The Lancet.

[46]  S. Leu,et al.  Reply: FEV1 can be associated with reduced values after vigorous exercise in healthy adolescents. , 2015, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[47]  A. Melani Long-acting muscarinic antagonists , 2015, Expert review of clinical pharmacology.

[48]  S. Parthasarathy,et al.  Retrospective Assessment of Home Ventilation to Reduce Rehospitalization in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. , 2015, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[49]  I. Pavord,et al.  Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials. , 2015, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[50]  Alice M Turner,et al.  Mortality prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing the GOLD 2007 and 2011 staging systems: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. , 2015, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[51]  M. Scorsetti,et al.  Long-Term Follow-up Results of the DANTE Trial, a Randomized Study of Lung Cancer Screening with Spiral Computed Tomography. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[52]  Y. Kim,et al.  The Effectiveness of Anti-leukotriene Agents in Patients with COPD: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis , 2015, Lung.

[53]  H. Moldofsky,et al.  Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[54]  Edwin K Silverman,et al.  Reduced Bone Density and Vertebral Fractures in Smokers. Men and COPD Patients at Increased Risk. , 2015, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[55]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Supported self-management for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence synthesis and economic analysis. , 2015, Health technology assessment.

[56]  P. Kvale,et al.  Predischarge bundle for patients with acute exacerbations of COPD to reduce readmissions and ED visits: a randomized controlled trial. , 2015, Chest.

[57]  M. Jit,et al.  Systematic review, meta-analysis and economic modelling of molecular diagnostic tests for antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis. , 2015, Health technology assessment.

[58]  P. Frith,et al.  Glycopyrronium once-daily significantly improves lung function and health status when combined with salmeterol/fluticasone in patients with COPD: the GLISTEN study—a randomised controlled trial , 2015, Thorax.

[59]  G. Washko,et al.  A randomised trial of lung sealant versus medical therapy for advanced emphysema , 2015, European Respiratory Journal.

[60]  F. Martinez,et al.  Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2015, The Lancet.

[61]  G. Marks,et al.  Tuberculosis and chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review. , 2015, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[62]  G. Diette,et al.  Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[63]  B. Celli,et al.  Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Development and validation of the COPD Lung Cancer Screening Score. , 2015, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[64]  F. Martinez,et al.  Pneumonia risk with inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol compared with vilanterol alone in patients with COPD. , 2015, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[65]  J. Bourbeau,et al.  Clinical Relevance of Fixed Ratio vs Lower Limit of Normal of FEV1/FVC in COPD: Patient-Reported Outcomes From the CanCOLD Cohort , 2015, The Annals of Family Medicine.

[66]  J. Hallas,et al.  Gastro‐esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2015, Respirology.

[67]  C. Bullen,et al.  Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[68]  J. Hallas,et al.  Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2014, Thorax.

[69]  D. Price,et al.  Observational study to characterise 24-hour COPD symptoms and their relationship with patient-reported outcomes: results from the ASSESS study , 2014, Respiratory Research.

[70]  F. Herrmann,et al.  Can early introduction of specialized palliative care limit intensive care, emergency and hospital admissions in patients with severe and very severe COPD? a randomized study , 2014, BMC Palliative Care.

[71]  N. Metzdorf,et al.  Does the 2013 GOLD classification improve the ability to predict lung function decline, exacerbations and mortality: a post-hoc analysis of the 4-year UPLIFT trial , 2014, BMC Pulmonary Medicine.

[72]  B. Ternestedt,et al.  “The unpredictable death”—The last year of life for patients with advanced COPD: Relatives' stories , 2014, Palliative and Supportive Care.

[73]  Jun She,et al.  Chinese water-pipe smoking and the risk of COPD. , 2014, Chest.

[74]  M. Decramer,et al.  Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[75]  C. Whitney,et al.  Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) , 2014, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[76]  Stefano Nava,et al.  Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial. , 2014, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[77]  C. Nordeen Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With COPD and the Risk of TB and Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials , 2014 .

[78]  J. E. Hansen,et al.  Counterpoint: Is an increase in FEV₁ and/or FVC ≥ 12% of control and ≥ 200 mL the best way to assess positive bronchodilator response? No. , 2014, Chest.

[79]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[80]  G. Kirk,et al.  HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insights and implications for the clinician. , 2014, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[81]  Meilan K. Han,et al.  Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[82]  E. Regan,et al.  Impact of self-reported Gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort , 2014, Respiratory Research.

[83]  G. Criner,et al.  Home non-invasive ventilation use following acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD. , 2014, Respiratory medicine.

[84]  J. Soriano,et al.  Short- and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index. , 2014, Chest.

[85]  H. Hoogsteden,et al.  Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. , 2014, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[86]  J. Vonk,et al.  Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with prolonged hypercapnia after ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, parallel-group study , 2014, Thorax.

[87]  M. Puhan,et al.  Mortality of patients with COPD participating in chronic disease management programmes: a happy end? , 2014, Thorax.

[88]  B. Lipworth,et al.  Tadalafil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. , 2014, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[89]  D. Matamis,et al.  Targeting occult heart failure in intensive care unit patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: effect on outcome and quality of life. , 2014, Journal of critical care.

[90]  M. Polkey,et al.  Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves for patients with heterogeneous emphysema and intact interlobar fissures (The BeLieVeR-HIFi trial): study design and rationale , 2014, Thorax.

[91]  P. Frith,et al.  Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[92]  N. Zhong,et al.  Lung Function and Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after Improved Cooking Fuels and Kitchen Ventilation: A 9-Year Prospective Cohort Study , 2014, PLoS medicine.

[93]  Y. Lacasse,et al.  Nocturnal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in stable COPD: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. , 2014, Respiratory medicine.

[94]  Dennis Emralino Dantic,et al.  A critical review of the effectiveness of ‘teach-back’ technique in teaching COPD patients self-management using respiratory inhalers , 2014 .

[95]  M. Decramer,et al.  Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study , 2013, European Respiratory Journal.

[96]  G. Pledger,et al.  Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[97]  N. Chavannes,et al.  Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[98]  B. Nordestgaard,et al.  Characteristics and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never smokers in Denmark: a prospective population study. , 2013, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[99]  L. Edwards,et al.  Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. , 2013, Respiratory medicine.

[100]  M. Decramer,et al.  Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. , 2013, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[101]  P. Poole,et al.  Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[102]  H. Tange,et al.  Early detection of COPD in general practice: implementation, workload and socioeconomic status. A mixed methods observational study , 2013, Primary Care Respiratory Journal: Journal of the General Practice Airways Group.

[103]  Phung Anh Nguyen,et al.  Influenza vaccination and reduction in risk of ischemic heart disease among chronic obstructive pulmonary elderly , 2013, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed..

[104]  R. Ferrari,et al.  Impact of a recent hospitalization on treatment and prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. , 2013, International journal of cardiology.

[105]  J. Yim,et al.  Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of tuberculosis , 2013, Thorax.

[106]  M. Briel,et al.  Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial. , 2013, JAMA.

[107]  Y. Hasegawa,et al.  COPD and disease-specific health status in a working population , 2013, Respiratory Research.

[108]  R. Perera,et al.  Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[109]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. , 2013, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[110]  F. Martinez,et al.  Once-daily inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol versus vilanterol only for prevention of exacerbations of COPD: two replicate double-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trials. , 2013, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[111]  James D. Chalmers,et al.  Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2013, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[112]  M. Martínez-García,et al.  Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[113]  M. Velloso,et al.  Evaluation of effects of shoulder girdle training on strength and performance of activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2013, International Journal of COPD.

[114]  Edwin K Silverman,et al.  GOLD 2011 disease severity classification in COPDGene: a prospective cohort study. , 2013, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[115]  P. Bower,et al.  Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial , 2013, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[116]  J. Barberà,et al.  Sildenafil to improve respiratory rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a controlled trial , 2013, European Respiratory Journal.

[117]  Martijn A Spruit,et al.  Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[118]  Michael Brauer,et al.  Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[119]  N. Roche,et al.  High-risk patients following hospitalisation for an acute exacerbation of COPD , 2013, European Respiratory Journal.

[120]  D. Mannino,et al.  Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[121]  B. Celli,et al.  Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[122]  Thomas R Fanshawe,et al.  Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. , 2016, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[123]  A. Rahmel,et al.  The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report-2012. , 2012, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[124]  T. Lasserson,et al.  Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[125]  Meilan K. Han,et al.  Pulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPD. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[126]  J. Brophy,et al.  Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort. , 2012, Chest.

[127]  C. Janson,et al.  The Dyspnoea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD. , 2012, Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group.

[128]  H. Sørensen,et al.  Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis , 2012, Thorax.

[129]  P. Enright,et al.  Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications , 2012, Thorax.

[130]  Christopher E Brightling,et al.  Blood eosinophils to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[131]  L. Edwards,et al.  Bronchodilator responsiveness as a phenotypic characteristic of established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2012, Thorax.

[132]  Grant D. Huang,et al.  A Comprehensive Care Management Program to Prevent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospitalizations , 2012, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[133]  S. D. Lee,et al.  Comparison of tiotropium plus fluticasone propionate/salmeterol with tiotropium in COPD: a randomized controlled study. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[134]  D. Au,et al.  A randomized trial to improve communication about end-of-life care among patients with COPD. , 2012, Chest.

[135]  Stefan Störk,et al.  "GOLD or lower limit of normal definition? a comparison with expert-based diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a prospective cohort-study" , 2012, Respiratory Research.

[136]  M. Cazzola,et al.  Beyond lung function in COPD management: effectiveness of LABA/LAMA combination therapy on patient-centred outcomes. , 2012, Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group.

[137]  A. Anzueto,et al.  Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support. , 2011, Archives of internal medicine.

[138]  M. Miravitlles,et al.  Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis , 2011, European Respiratory Journal.

[139]  F. Martinez,et al.  The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Part II: Lessons learned about lung volume reduction surgery. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[140]  M. Tsukino,et al.  Predictive properties of different multidimensional staging systems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2011, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[141]  Nicola A Hanania,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes. , 2011, Radiology.

[142]  Christopher E Brightling,et al.  Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[143]  D. Slebos,et al.  Bronchoscopic lung-volume reduction with Exhale airway stents for emphysema (EASE trial): randomised, sham-controlled, multicentre trial , 2011, The Lancet.

[144]  J. Hokanson,et al.  The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene Study. , 2011, Chest.

[145]  C. Bausewein,et al.  Levodropropizine in the Management of Cough Associated with Cancer or Nonmalignant Chronic Disease–A Systematic Review , 2011, Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy.

[146]  John Connett,et al.  Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[147]  Stephanie J. C. Taylor,et al.  Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD - a systematic review and comment on trial methodology , 2011, Respiratory research.

[148]  P. Jones,et al.  Creating scenarios of the impact of copd and their relationship to copd assessment test (CAT™) scores , 2011, BMC pulmonary medicine.

[149]  C. Gatsonis,et al.  Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening , 2012 .

[150]  David O Wilson,et al.  Quantitative Computed Tomography Analysis, Airflow Obstruction, and Lung Cancer in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study , 2011, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[151]  A. Høiseth,et al.  Elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with increased mortality after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2011, Thorax.

[152]  Marco Lodi,et al.  Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. , 2011, Respiratory medicine.

[153]  R. Cavallazzi,et al.  Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies , 2011, Thorax.

[154]  David Gur,et al.  Radiographic emphysema predicts low bone mineral density in a tobacco-exposed cohort. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[155]  D. Jarvis,et al.  Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a European cohort of young adults. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[156]  E. Akl,et al.  Effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2011, Chest.

[157]  K. Rabe,et al.  Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[158]  S. Rennard,et al.  Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial. , 2011, Chest.

[159]  J. Walusiak‐Skorupa,et al.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of COPD in never smokers: results from the population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study. , 2011 .

[160]  R. Rodríguez-Roisín,et al.  WITHDRAWN: Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[161]  R. Rodríguez-Roisín,et al.  Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[162]  S. Suissa,et al.  Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression. , 2010, The American journal of medicine.

[163]  L. Fabbri,et al.  Long-acting beta-agonists in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future agents , 2010, Respiratory research.

[164]  R. Wood‐Baker,et al.  Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[165]  R. D. de Haan,et al.  Predictors of incorrect inhalation technique in patients with asthma or COPD: a study using a validated videotaped scoring method. , 2010, Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery.

[166]  G. McLennan,et al.  A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[167]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[168]  T. Michele,et al.  The safety of tiotropium--the FDA's conclusions. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[169]  Edwin K Silverman,et al.  Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort , 2010, Respiratory research.

[170]  Stephan von Haehling,et al.  Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers , 2010, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

[171]  Edwin K Silverman,et al.  An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[172]  C. Jenkins,et al.  Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH Study results , 2010, Thorax.

[173]  M. Cazzola,et al.  The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD. , 2010, Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[174]  J. Soriano,et al.  Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[175]  J. Vestbo,et al.  The prognostic importance of lung function in patients admitted with heart failure , 2010, European journal of heart failure.

[176]  R. Hoogenveen,et al.  Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[177]  P. Davies,et al.  Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and chronic airflow obstruction , 2010, Respirology.

[178]  Gordon H. Guyatt,et al.  Prevalence and underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients at risk in primary care , 2010, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[179]  T. Omachi,et al.  Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD , 2010, Thorax.

[180]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial , 2010, Respiratory research.

[181]  Niels H Chavannes,et al.  Derivation and validation of a composite index of severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the DOSE Index. , 2009, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[182]  C. Jenkins,et al.  Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health study. , 2009, Chest.

[183]  T. Welte,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2009, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[184]  T. Bregenzer,et al.  Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. , 2009, JAMA.

[185]  Ulrike Held,et al.  Expansion of the prognostic assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the updated BODE index and the ADO index , 2009, The Lancet.

[186]  F. Martinez,et al.  Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials , 2009, The Lancet.

[187]  D. Mannino,et al.  The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort. , 2009, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[188]  R. Murray,et al.  Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[189]  J. Soriano,et al.  Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities , 2009, Thorax.

[190]  A. Dirksen,et al.  Exploring the role of CT densitometry: a randomised study of augmentation therapy in α1-antitrypsin deficiency , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[191]  P. J. Barnes,et al.  Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[192]  W. Vollmer,et al.  Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study , 2009, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[193]  R. Cumming,et al.  Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract. , 2009, Ophthalmology.

[194]  Nicolas Roche,et al.  Cough and sputum production are associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD subjects. , 2009, Chest.

[195]  R. Stockley,et al.  Augmentation Therapy for α1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A Meta-Analysis , 2009, COPD.

[196]  T. Seemungal,et al.  Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[197]  M. Decramer,et al.  A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[198]  D. Mannino,et al.  Lung function impairment, COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality , 2011, Thorax.

[199]  D. Mannino,et al.  Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[200]  J. Leader,et al.  Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[201]  P. Calverley,et al.  Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[202]  Dependence Update Panel,et al.  A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report. , 2008, American journal of preventive medicine.

[203]  A. Ionescu,et al.  What community measurements can be used to predict bone disease in patients with COPD? , 2008, Respiratory medicine.

[204]  M. Decramer,et al.  Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[205]  Philippe Ravaud,et al.  Survival after bilateral versus single lung transplantation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis of registry data , 2008, The Lancet.

[206]  R. Casaburi,et al.  Improvement in self-reported exercise participation with the combination of tiotropium and rehabilitative exercise training in COPD patients , 2008, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[207]  B. O'connor,et al.  Superiority of “triple” therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium bromide versus individual components in moderate to severe COPD , 2008, Thorax.

[208]  K. Rabe,et al.  Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[209]  David G. Anderson,et al.  Arterial stiffness is independently associated with emphysema severity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2007, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[210]  G. Valdivia,et al.  Tuberculosis and airflow obstruction: evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America , 2007, European Respiratory Journal.

[211]  D. Postma,et al.  Oral or IV prednisolone in the treatment of COPD exacerbations: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. , 2007, Chest.

[212]  Gorka Bastarrika,et al.  Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest. , 2007, Chest.

[213]  Stefano Guerra,et al.  Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study , 2007, The Lancet.

[214]  D. Mannino,et al.  International variation in the prevalence of COPD (The BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study , 2007, The Lancet.

[215]  C. Jiang,et al.  Passive smoking exposure and risk of COPD among adults in China: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study , 2007, The Lancet.

[216]  T. Seemungal,et al.  COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention , 2007, The Lancet.

[217]  S. Rennard,et al.  The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2007, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[218]  J. Bourbeau,et al.  Tiotropium in Combination with Placebo, Salmeterol, or FluticasoneSalmeterol for Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2007, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[219]  Eliane Cristina Zacarias,et al.  Efeito da teofilina associada ao beta2-agonista inalatório de curta ou longa duração, em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica estável: revisão sistemática , 2007 .

[220]  Bartolome Celli,et al.  Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[221]  T. Ng,et al.  Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

[222]  N. Anthonisen,et al.  Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities , 2006, European Respiratory Journal.

[223]  N. Zhong,et al.  Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study of low‐dose, slow‐release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year , 2006, Respirology.

[224]  B. Celli,et al.  Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD. , 2006, Chest.

[225]  B. Smith,et al.  Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[226]  S. Johnston,et al.  Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[227]  J. Garcia-Aymerich,et al.  Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2006, European Respiratory Journal.

[228]  J. Curtis,et al.  Role of infection and antimicrobial therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2006, Expert review of anti-infective therapy.

[229]  R. Wood‐Baker,et al.  Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[230]  A. Torres,et al.  Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[231]  E. Wouters,et al.  Withdrawal of fluticasone propionate from combined salmeterol/fluticasone treatment in patients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease deterioration: A randomised controlled trial: Thorax 2005;60:480–7. , 2005 .

[232]  A. Crockett,et al.  Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[233]  A. Hansell,et al.  Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care. , 2005, Chest.

[234]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis , 2005, Thorax.

[235]  M. Martínez-García,et al.  Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2005, Thorax.

[236]  M. Ezzati Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries , 2005, The Lancet.

[237]  P. Calverley,et al.  Intravenous aminophylline in patients admitted to hospital with non-acidotic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial , 2005, Thorax.

[238]  R. Casaburi,et al.  Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. , 2005, Chest.

[239]  A. Ionescu,et al.  Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[240]  Hospice National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care: Clinical Practice Guidelines for quality palliative care, executive summary. , 2004, Journal of palliative medicine.

[241]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[242]  Stefano Guerra,et al.  Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study. , 2004, Chest.

[243]  W. Dejsomritrutai,et al.  Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study. , 2004, Chest.

[244]  G. Zeng,et al.  Protective effect of a bacterial extract against acute exacerbation in patients with chronic bronchitis accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2004, Chinese medical journal.

[245]  B. Make,et al.  Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD , 2004, European Respiratory Journal.

[246]  E. Salpeter,et al.  Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. , 2004, Chest.

[247]  W. MacNee,et al.  Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper , 2004, European Respiratory Journal.

[248]  Ciro Casanova,et al.  The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[249]  P. Calverley,et al.  Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease , 2003, European Respiratory Journal.

[250]  B. Rowe,et al.  Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[251]  I. Stiell,et al.  Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[252]  K. N. Maranetra,et al.  Economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in Thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. , 2003, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[253]  Steven Piantadosi,et al.  A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[254]  R. Pauwels,et al.  Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial , 2003, The Lancet.

[255]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[256]  R. Sansores,et al.  Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2003, European Respiratory Journal.

[257]  Andrew J. White,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2003, Thorax.

[258]  S. Antoniu,et al.  Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study , 2002, Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research.

[259]  J. van der Palen,et al.  Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[260]  P. Jones,et al.  Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2002, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[261]  J. Toral,et al.  Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[262]  A. Corrado,et al.  The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients , 2002, European Respiratory Journal.

[263]  M. Antonelli,et al.  Noninvasive vs. conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after failure of medical treatment in the ward: a randomized trial , 2002, Intensive Care Medicine.

[264]  N. Anthonisen,et al.  Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[265]  O. Johnell,et al.  Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbuhaler® , 2002, European Respiratory Journal.

[266]  Toru Oga,et al.  Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. , 2002, Chest.

[267]  F. Maltais,et al.  Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[268]  F. Abroug,et al.  Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo-controlled trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[269]  R. Masterton,et al.  Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. , 2001, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[270]  P. Jones,et al.  Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2001, Thorax.

[271]  Steven Piantadosi,et al.  Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[272]  R. Zuwallack,et al.  Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. , 2001, Chest.

[273]  P. Anderson,et al.  Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[274]  B. Celli,et al.  Long-term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD. , 2000, Chest.

[275]  J. Bourbeau,et al.  Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[276]  Dirkje S Postma,et al.  Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study , 2000, The Lancet.

[277]  P. Plant,et al.  Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[278]  R. Stockley,et al.  Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. , 2000, Chest.

[279]  S. Spencer,et al.  Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[280]  T. Seemungal,et al.  Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[281]  A. Anzueto,et al.  Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD. , 2000, Chest.

[282]  H A Vrooman,et al.  A randomized clinical trial of alpha(1)-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[283]  A. Adelman Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1999, The Journal of family practice.

[284]  L. Davies,et al.  Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[285]  M. Miravitlles,et al.  Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. , 1999, Chest.

[286]  P. Jones,et al.  Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 1999, Thorax.

[287]  D. Niewoehner,et al.  Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[288]  P. Lange,et al.  Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[289]  F. Maltais,et al.  Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[290]  T. Seemungal,et al.  Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[291]  R. Rodríguez-Roisín,et al.  Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[292]  W. Stalman,et al.  Is immunising all patients with chronic lung disease in the community against influenza cost effective? Evidence from a general practice based clinical prospective cohort study in Utrecht, The Netherlands. , 1998, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[293]  J. Collet,et al.  Effects of an immunostimulating agent on acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PARI-IS Study Steering Committee and Research Group. Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection by an Immunostimulant. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[294]  J. M. FitzGerald,et al.  Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis. , 1997, Archives of internal medicine.

[295]  J. Crowley,et al.  Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[296]  J. Barberà,et al.  Worsening of pulmonary gas exchange with nitric oxide inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 1996, The Lancet.

[297]  W. Bailey,et al.  Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. , 1995, JAMA.

[298]  M. Wysocki,et al.  Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[299]  I. Tager,et al.  Maternal smoking during pregnancy. Effects on lung function during the first 18 months of life. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[300]  N. Hill,et al.  Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[301]  D. Simel,et al.  Does the clinical examination predict airflow limitation? , 1995, JAMA.

[302]  W. Bailey,et al.  Effects of Smoking Intervention and the Use of an Inhaled Anticholinergic Bronchodilator on the Rate of Decline of FEV1 , 1994 .

[303]  K. Nichol,et al.  The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[304]  T. Meyer,et al.  Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation To Treat Respiratory Failure , 1994, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[305]  K. Chapman,et al.  Physician perceptions and management of COPD. , 1993, Chest.

[306]  J. Wedzicha,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease , 1993, The Lancet.

[307]  E. Wouters,et al.  Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. , 1993, The American review of respiratory disease.

[308]  A. Thomson,et al.  Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease. , 1993, Thorax.

[309]  P. Jones,et al.  A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[310]  K. Murphy,et al.  The language of breathlessness. Use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiopulmonary disease. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[311]  K. Godfrey,et al.  Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. , 1991, BMJ.

[312]  J. Krieger,et al.  Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. , 1988, The American review of respiratory disease.

[313]  G. Guyatt,et al.  A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. , 1987, Thorax.

[314]  F. Speizer,et al.  The relationship of nonspecific bronchial responsiveness to respiratory symptoms in a random population sample. , 1987, The American review of respiratory disease.

[315]  N. Anthonisen,et al.  Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1987, Annals of internal medicine.

[316]  C. Husten,et al.  How to help your patients stop smoking. , 1978, American family physician.

[317]  K. Porter Hospital and Medical School Planning , 1962 .

[318]  S. Ginsburg,et al.  Bronchodilator Delivery in Acute Airflow Obstruction , 2017 .

[319]  Anne Holland,et al.  Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise Prescription in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Review of Selected Guidelines: AN OFFICIAL STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY REHABILITATION. , 2016, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[320]  F. Martinez,et al.  Effect of Ro fl umilast and InhaledCorticosteroid / Long-Acting b 2-Agonist on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations ( RE 2 SPOND ) A Randomized Clinical Trial , 2016 .

[321]  Shaf Keshavjee,et al.  A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014--an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. , 2015, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[322]  Erratum: reduced bone density and vertebral fractures in smokers. men and COPD patients at increased risk. , 2015, Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

[323]  F. Struik Chronic non-invasive ventilation in COPD: where do we stand? , 2015 .

[324]  A. McNeill,et al.  Waterpipe tobacco smoking , 2013 .

[325]  D. Niewoehner,et al.  Benefits of adding fluticasone propionate/salmeterol to tiotropium in moderate to severe COPD. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[326]  M. Decramer,et al.  High Doses of Vitamin D to Reduce Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Trial , 2012 .

[327]  C. Cates,et al.  Long-acting beta(2)-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta(2)-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[328]  P. Poole,et al.  Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[329]  E. Akl,et al.  Meta-analysis: A Systematic Review and Effects of Water-Pipe Smoking on Lung , 2011 .

[330]  O. Keene,et al.  Temporal clustering of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[331]  J. Steurer,et al.  Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[332]  S. Cendon,et al.  Effect of theophylline associated with short-acting or long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. , 2007, Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia.

[333]  T. Lasserson,et al.  Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[334]  F. Maltais,et al.  Tiotropium in Combination with Placebo, Salmeterol, or Fluticasone–Salmeterol for Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A Randomized Trial , 2007 .

[335]  Ø. Borgan,et al.  Lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national cohort is without obvious survival benefit. , 2006, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[336]  M. Martínez-García,et al.  with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients , 2006 .

[337]  B. Celli,et al.  Exercise Endurance in COPD Effect of Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol on Lung Hyperinflation and , 2006 .

[338]  S. K. Chhabra,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease. , 2006, The Indian journal of chest diseases & allied sciences.

[339]  T. Todisco,et al.  Mild prematurity and respiratory functions , 2005, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[340]  L. Stead,et al.  Physician advice for smoking cessation. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[341]  T. Lasserson,et al.  Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[342]  tefan,et al.  LONG-TERM TREATMENT WITH INHALED BUDESONIDE IN PERSONS WITH MILD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE WHO CONTINUE SMOKING , 2000 .

[343]  Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation--a consensus conference report. , 1999, Chest.

[344]  Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: memorandum from a WHO meeting. , 1997, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[345]  J. Connett,et al.  Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[346]  W. Dupont,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of cold-adapted and inactivated vaccines for the prevention of influenza A disease. , 1994, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[347]  V. Tirlapur Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1985, The American journal of medicine.

[348]  Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis. , 1965, Lancet.