Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Dan J Stein | Gunn Marit Aasvang | Bernadette A. Thomas | Alan D. Lopez | James G. Scott | Daniel C. Casey | Stephen S. Lim | R. Malekzadeh | D. Mozaffarian | L. Morawska | A. Cohen | M. Brauer | R. Burnett | H. R. Anderson | J. Frostad | Kara Estep | K. Balakrishnan | B. Brunekreef | L. Dandona | R. Dandona | V. Feigin | B. Hubbell | H. Kan | L. Knibbs | R. Martin | C. Pope | Hwashin H. Shin | K. Straif | G. Shaddick | T. Vos | C. Murray | M. Forouzanfar | D. Tanné | H. Williams | R. Dellavalle | D. Margolis | L. Naldi | M. Naghavi | A. Ferrari | H. Erskine | A. Banerjee | J. Os | H. Whiteford | K. Sliwa | M. Majdan | S. Derrett | A. Flaxman | T. Brugha | P. Gething | S. Hay | Ting-Wu Chuang | M. Tanner | F. Blyth | J. Lortet-Tieulent | H. Brenner | E. Kuipers | G. Hankey | R. Sacco | T. Miller | A. Keren | S. Chugh | D. Jarvis | M. Bell | R. Bourne | J. Leasher | K. Naidoo | K. Pesudovs | Y. Khang | D. Prabhakaran | M. Endres | M. Brainin | M. Hagströmer | C. Kieling | J. Coresh | M. Stein | G. Karthikeyan | M. Kivipelto | P. Burney | P. Yip | G. Thurston | M. Hammami | J. Singh | K. Narayan | S. London | T. Ohkubo | C. Abbafati | F. Abd-Allah | S. Abera | V. Aboyans | Ashkan Afshin | F. Lami | D. Alasfoor | R. Ali | F. Alla | P. Allebeck | U. Alsharif | A. Meretoja | E. Weiderpass | H. Kyu | N. Abu-Rmeileh | J. Adsuar | N. Alvis-Guzmán | W. Ammar | C. Antonio | P. Anwari | J. Ärnlöv | A. Artaman | S. Barker-Collo | S. Barquera | L. Barrero | Neeraj Bedi | D. Bennett | E. Bernabé | N. Bhala | Z. Bhutta | B. Bikbov | S. Boufous | A. Brazinova | N. Breitborde | R. Buchbinder | Rosario Cárdenas | C. Castañeda-Orjuela | F. Catalá-López | Jung-Chen Chang | F. Charlson | P. Chiang | M. Cirillo | C. Cooper | M. Criqui | P. Dargan | D. Davițoiu | D. Leo | L. Degenhardt | K. Deribe | D. D. Jarlais | S. Dharmaratne | K. Dokova | E. Dorsey | T. Driscoll | A. Esteghamati | F. Farzadfar | S. Fereshtehnejad | N. Foigt | Kyle Foreman | E. Gakidou | J. Geleijnse | G. Giussani | Philimon N. Gona | H. Gugnani | F. Guillemin | Rahul Gupta | Rajeev Gupta | R. A. Gutiérrez | N. Hafezi-Nejad | R. Hamadeh | Y. Hao | H. Harb | J. Haro | Rasmus J Havmoeller | I. Heredia-Pi | P. Heydarpour | H. Hoek | H. Hosgood | D. Hoy | M. Hsairi | John J Emmanuel Huang | K. Iburg | F. Islami | K. Jacobsen | P. Jeemon | V. Jha | J. Jonas | A. Karch | C. Karema | Anil Kaul | N. Kawakami | A. Kengne | Y. Khader | E. Khan | Daniel Kim | Y. Kim | R. Kimokoti | Y. Kinfu | A. Knudsen | Y. Kokubo | S. Kosen | S. Krishnaswami | B. K. Defo | B. K. Bicer | G. A. Kumar | R. Lalloo | T. Lallukka | V. Lansingh | J. Leigh | M. Levi | Yichong Li | Xiaofeng Liang | Shiwei Liu | P. Lotufo | R. Lozano | R. Lunevicius | Stefan Ma | W. Marcenes | M. Marzan | M. Mckee | Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez | Z. Memish | W. Mendoza | G. Mensah | A. Misganaw | K. A. Mohammad | A. Mokdad | L. Monasta | M. Moradi-Lakeh | U. Mueller | A. Naheed | V. Nangia | C. Newton | Grant Nguyen | B. Norrving | I. Oh | B. Olusanya | Eun‐Kee Park | C. Parry | David M Pereira | N. Perico | M. Petzold | M. Phillips | S. Polinder | S. Popova | D. A. Quistberg | Anwar Rafay | K. Rahimi | V. Rahimi-Movaghar | S. Rahman | K. Reddy | G. Remuzzi | A. Ribeiro | L. Ronfani | M. Sahraian | J. Salomon | J. Sanabria | I. Santos | Maheswar Satpathy | M. Sawhney | I. Schneider | D. Schwebel | S. Sepanlou | E. Serván-Mori | Jun She | K. Shibuya | R. Shiri | I. Shiue | I. Sigfusdottir | V. Skirbekk | L. Sposato | C. Sreeramareddy | B. Sunguya | Bryan L. Sykes | N. Tandon | M. Tavakkoli | A. Terkawi | M. Tonelli | J. Towbin | B. Tran | K. Ukwaja | T. Vasankari | N. Venketasubramanian | F. Violante | S. Vollset | R. Weintraub | A. Werdecker | R. Westerman | C. Wolfe | Gelin Xu | Lijing L. Yan | Y. Yano | N. Yonemoto | Seok-Jun Yoon | M. Younis | Chuanhua Yu | Maigeng Zhou | A. Amare | A. Badawi | S. Basu | A. Bhalla | B. Başara | R. Chowdhury | A. Davis | D. Dicker | E. Ding | B. Eshrati | A. Feigl | K. Gibney | R. Gillum | M. Giroud | S. Goenka | A. Goto | G. Hu | A. Husseini | B. Idrisov | D. Kazi | M. Kravchenko | J. Beardsley | S. Biryukov | D. Bose | I. Campos-Nonato | D. Carpenter | Honglei Chen | L. Cooper | B. Ebel | S. Ermakov | R. Franklin | I. Ginawi | C. Gotay | M. Hedayati | H. Hoffman | S. Jassal | S. Jayaraman | Paul N. Jensen | G. Jiang | Nadim E. Karam | Q. Lan | A. Larsson | R. Leung | Yongmei Li | Yang Liu | G. Logroscino | C. Magis-Rodríguez | R. Micha | J. C. M. Hernandez | M. Montico | R. Mori | O. Norheim | John Nelson Opio | J. Pandian | C. Papachristou | S. Patten | N. Pearce | C. Peterson | D. Plass | F. Pourmalek | D. Rojas-Rueda | G. Ruhago | R. Sahathevan | B. Schöttker | S. Seedat | K. Shishani | D. Silberberg | E. Slepak | M. Soljak | V. Stathopoulou | S. Swaminathan | A. Thrift | M. Tobollik | J. Traebert | E. Tuzcu | L. Veerman | L. Vijayakumar | V. Vlassov | M. Wallin | S. Weichenthal | A. Woolf | P. Ye | M. Zaki | Yingfeng Zheng | A. Kemp | C. Watts | H. Stöckl | P. Brooks | J. Rehm | R. Norman | M. Nieuwenhuijsen | Z. Nahas | B. Kissela | C. Nejjari | E. Simard | D. Salvo | S. Sindi | D. Broday | E. Ameh | M. Vavilala | J. Hornberger | N. Bornstein | Nadine Steckling | A. Bulloch | C. Ferri | L. Trasande | N. Roy | S. Sheikhbahaei | H. Kromhout | Ryan M. Barber | L. Barregard | T. Fleming | H. Larson | Michael F Macintyre | Logan Sandar | Ken Takahashi | J. Wagner | Haidong Wang | M. Inoue | Y. Melaku | D. Nand | S. Nolte | S. Rana | K. Søreide | S. Soneji | K. Stroumpoulis | N. Prasad | P. Scarborough | R. Matzopoulos | B. Neal | B. Gabbe | J. Wilkinson | A. Mahdi | S. Omer | Zhengming Chen | V. Caso | N. Bruce | C. Atkinson | S. Khatibzadeh | S. Lipshultz | S. Shahraz | J. Abraham | Mohammed K. Ali | H. Hagan | U. Sampson | A. Sapkota | Gitanjali M Singh | M. Meltzer | M. Raju | H. Razavi | G. Wagner | J. Blore | G. Borges | M. Dherani | S. Fahimi | D. Gunnell | Howard Hu | J. Nolla | D. Pope | J. Powles | M. Rao | I. Romieu | R. Room | L. Rushton | L. Sànchez-Riera | N. Stapelberg | R. Dingenen | G. Bukhman | Nayu Ikeda | G. Velásquez-Melendez | Wenzhi Wang | Y. Shinohara | C. V. Gool | R. Gansevoort | C. Christophi | X. Zou | A. Abdulhak | M. Burch | S. Colquhoun | James Damsere-Derry | Y. Halasa | G. Marks | B. Mayosi | F. Perez-Ruiz | G. Polanczyk | S. Saha | M. Tsilimbaris | R. Ellenbogen | K. Matsushita | R. Orozco | C. Benjet | F. Topouzis | E. Mills | S. Cunningham | D. Nash | Lily T Alexander | Victoria F Bachman | M. Coates | Kristen Delwiche | K. Astha | Marie Ng | G. M. Aasvang | A. Ozgoren | Biju Abraham | I. Abubakar | Tania C Aburto | T. Achoki | A. Adelekan | Koranteng Adofo | A. K. Adou | E. Agardh | M. Khabouri | S. S. Alam | M. Albittar | M. Alegretti | A. Aleman | Z. A. Alemu | R. Alfonso-Cristancho | Samia M. Alhabib | Peter J Allen | E. Álvarez | A. Amankwaa | O. Ameli | H. Amini | B. Anderson | V. Arsenijevic | R. Asghar | R. Assadi | Lydia S. Atkins | M. Avila | B. Awuah | M. Bahit | Talal Bakfalouni | Shivanthi Balalla | Ravi Kumar Balu | T. Barrientos-Gutiérrez | A. Basto-Abreu | A. Basu | M. Basulaiman | Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba | T. Bekele | H. Benzian | T. Beyene | M. Bohensky | A. Briggs | L. Bui | J. Campuzano | A. Cantoral | J. Caravanos | E. Cardis | R. Castro | F. Cavalleri | Alanur Çavlin | V. Chadha | Wanqing Chen | Odgerel Chimed-Ochir | V. Colistro | Mercedes Colomar | Alejandra G Contreras | Kimberly Cooperrider | K. Courville | L. Cuevas-Nasu | H. Danawi | A. Dayama | E. Castro | V. D. L. Cruz-Góngora | G. Lima | B. Pozo-Cruz | Muluken Dessalegn | G. deVeber | L. Duan | Adnan M. Durrani | Yousef M Elshrek | E. J. Faraon | Derek F J Fay | U. F. Paleo | L. Gaffikin | A. Gamkrelidze | F. Gankpé | Francisco A García-Guerra | E. Gasana | B. Gessner | K. Goginashvili | H. G. Dantés | Teresita González de Cosío | Dinorah González-Castell | H. Gouda | R. Guerrant | T. Haregu | Lucía Hernández | Kyle Heuton | M. Híjar | Cheng Huang | L. Huiart | Marissa L Iannarone | K. Innos | S. Ismayilova | H. Jansen | Alejandra Jáuregui | Fan Jiang | Ying Jiang | K. Juel | Sidibe S Kany Roseline | S. Khalifa | I. Khonelidze | Sungroul Kim | J. Kinge | M. Kose | A. Kraemer | Tiffany Ku | Chanda Kulkarni | Veena S. Kulkarni | G. Kwan | T. Lai | A. Balaji | H. Lam | D. Laryea | P. Lavados | A. Lawrynowicz | Jong-Tae Lee | Juan Liang | M. Lindsay | B. Lloyd | Nancy Lopez | Jixiang Ma | V. Machado | S. Mangalam | C. Mapoma | M. Marape | Christopher Margono | M. T. Mashal | F. Masiye | A. Mason-Jones | Tasara Mazorodze | Abigail C. McKay | Abigail Mclain | P. Meaney | C. Medina | M. Mehndiratta | W. Mekonnen | F. Mhimbira | S. Mishra | N. Ibrahim | G. Mola | A. Moore | J. Moschandreas | W. Moturi | Mitsuru Mukaigawara | Erin C Mullany | Kinnari S Murthy | S. Neupane | F. Ngalesoni | J. Ngirabega | Nhung T. T. Nguyen | M. I. Nisar | J. R. Nogueira | L. Nyakarahuka | Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan | A. Pain | C. Panelo | A. P. Caicedo | B. Pavlin | L. Pedraza | A. Pedroza | Ljiljana Pejin Stokić | Ayfer Pekericli | R. Perez-Padilla | S. A. Perry | A. Pervaiz | H. P. Phua | D. Poenaru | C. Pond | D. Qato | A. Quezada | Lionel Racapé | I. Rakovac | A. Refaat | Patricia M. Riccio | Lee Richardson | A. Riederer | Margaret Robinson | A. Roca | Alina Rodriguez | Nsanzimana Sabin | L. M. Sánchez | Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta | J. Saunders | Mete I. Saylan | Jürgen C Schmidt | B. Serdar | T. Levy | Siyi Shangguan | Abhishek Singh | Natalie Stephens | L. Sturua | M. Swaroop | K. Tabb | R. T. Talongwa | B. Ao | C. Teixeira | M. T. Rojo | J. Texcalac-Sangrador | S. Thackway | B. Thomson | A. Thorne-Lyman | T. Tillmann | H. Toyoshima | M. Trillini | Ulises Trujillo | Z. T. Dimbuene | Uche S Uchendu | S. Uzun | S. V. D. Vijver | Yuri Y Varakin | A. M. Vasconcelos | S. Villalpando | S. Waller | X. Wan | Jianli Wang | Linhong Wang | Yan-ping Wang | T. S. Warouw | K. Wessells | T. Williams | S. Woldeyohannes | J. Q. Wong | J. Wright | Brittany R. Wurtz | Gonghuan Yang | M. Yenesew | Zourkaleini Younoussi | Yong Zhao | Jun Zhu | Shankuan Zhu | J. Zunt | V. Paul | S. Soshnikov | T. Classen | Karen Devries | G. Yentur | Dhruv S. Kazi | P. Jensen | M. Zhou | Ismael Campos-Nonato | G. A. Kumar | R. Talongwa | M. Ávila | Shivanthi K. Balalla | Ryan Barber | E. J. A. Faraon | R. Pagcatipunan | H. Shin | Erin C. Mullany | Mete Saylan | J. Damsere-Derry | D. Jarlais | A. Afshin | J. Wong | Kinnari S. Murthy | Jürgen C. Schmidt | G. Kumar | Alanur Çavli̇n | F. Pérez-Ruiz | Maigeng Zhou | Reza Assadi | Arindam Basu | Samia Alhabib | K. Adofo | K. Mohammad

[1]  F. Cappuccio Sodium and cardiovascular disease , 2016, The Lancet.

[2]  Maureen Cropper,et al.  Health benefits of air pollution abatement policy: Role of the shape of the concentration–response function , 2015, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[3]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Global Sodium Consumption and Death From Cardiovascular Causes , 2015 .

[4]  W. Willett,et al.  Dietary Linoleic Acid and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies , 2014, Circulation.

[5]  Lijing L. Yan,et al.  Using a Low-Sodium, High-Potassium Salt Substitute to Reduce Blood Pressure among Tibetans with High Blood Pressure: A Patient-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial , 2014, PloS one.

[6]  Keywan Riahi,et al.  Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM2.5 Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease , 2014, Environmental health perspectives.

[7]  L. Azadbakht,et al.  Is there a relationship between red or processed meat intake and obesity? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies , 2014, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[8]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 , 2014, The Lancet.

[9]  K. Bhaskaran,et al.  Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults , 2014, The Lancet.

[10]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  D. Abrams Milking the evidence: diet does matter. , 2014, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[12]  C. Mathers,et al.  Estimating the impact of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene on the global burden of disease: evolving and alternative methods , 2014, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[13]  C. Mathers,et al.  Systematic review: Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low‐ and middle‐income settings: systematic review and meta‐regression , 2014, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[14]  Valerie Curtis,et al.  Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. , 2014, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[15]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2014, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[16]  J. Hébert,et al.  Considering the value of dietary assessment data in informing nutrition-related health policy. , 2014, Advances in nutrition.

[17]  F. Hu,et al.  Long-term associations of nut consumption with body weight and obesity. , 2014, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[18]  L. Parker,et al.  Arsenic in drinking water and urinary tract cancers: a systematic review of 30 years of epidemiological evidence , 2014, Environmental Health.

[19]  S. Yusuf,et al.  The population risks of dietary salt excess are exaggerated. , 2014, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[20]  C. Arnold Disease Burdens Associated with PM2.5 Exposure: How a New Model Provided Global Estimates , 2014, Environmental health perspectives.

[21]  Sumi Mehta,et al.  Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution. , 2014, Annual review of public health.

[22]  A. Stokes Using maximum weight to redefine body mass index categories in studies of the mortality risks of obesity , 2014, Population Health Metrics.

[23]  E. Rimm,et al.  Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1·8 million participants , 2014, The Lancet.

[24]  Michael Brauer,et al.  An Integrated Risk Function for Estimating the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure , 2014, Environmental health perspectives.

[25]  Alexandra Wollum,et al.  Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. , 2014, JAMA.

[26]  J. Ioannidis Implausible results in human nutrition research , 2013, BMJ.

[27]  C. Dye,et al.  Perspective: Weigh all TB risks , 2013, Nature.

[28]  L. Vatten,et al.  Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. , 2013, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[29]  Derek G. Cook,et al.  Mortality associations with long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in a national English cohort , 2013 .

[30]  M. Z. Hashmi,et al.  Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Agricultural Soils of Siling Reservoir Watershed in Zhejiang Province, China , 2013, BioMed research international.

[31]  Bruce G. Link,et al.  The impact of obesity on US mortality levels: the importance of age and cohort factors in population estimates. , 2013, American journal of public health.

[32]  M. Brauer,et al.  Long-term Residential Exposure to Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Risk , 2013, Epidemiology.

[33]  R. Lamuela-Raventós,et al.  Frequency of nut consumption and mortality risk in the PREDIMED nutrition intervention trial , 2013, BMC Medicine.

[34]  W. Fawzi,et al.  Associations of Suboptimal Growth with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Children under Five Years: A Pooled Analysis of Ten Prospective Studies , 2013, PloS one.

[35]  S. Hawkes,et al.  Gender and global health: evidence, policy, and inconvenient truths , 2013, The Lancet.

[36]  Sumi Mehta,et al.  Solid Fuel Use for Household Cooking: Country and Regional Estimates for 1980–2010 , 2013, Environmental health perspectives.

[37]  G. MacGregor,et al.  Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials , 2013, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[38]  B. Grant,et al.  The comparative risk assessment for alcohol as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study: What changed from the last study? , 2013 .

[39]  Mikael Fogelholm,et al.  Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. , 2013 .

[40]  Bruce G. Link,et al.  Obesity and US mortality risk over the adult life course. , 2013, American journal of epidemiology.

[41]  S. Preston,et al.  Modeling Obesity Histories in Cohort Analyses of Health and Mortality , 2013, Epidemiology.

[42]  Margaret Chan,et al.  From new estimates to better data , 2012, The Lancet.

[43]  Jim Y. Kim Data for better health—and to help end poverty , 2012, The Lancet.

[44]  S. Cairncross,et al.  Should the GBD risk factor rankings be used to guide policy? , 2012, The Lancet.

[45]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2012, The Lancet.

[46]  A. Bstr Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories. A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2013, BDJ.

[47]  M. Brauer,et al.  Risk of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study , 2012, Environmental health perspectives.

[48]  A. Cohen,et al.  Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[49]  F. Hu,et al.  A prospective study of sleep duration and pneumonia risk in women. , 2012, Sleep.

[50]  Daniel Krewski,et al.  Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships , 2011, Environmental health perspectives.

[51]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[52]  W. Ghali,et al.  Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[53]  Kiyoshi Tanabe,et al.  An Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Mortality From Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases in Japan , 2011, Journal of epidemiology.

[54]  T. Vos,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce dietary salt intake , 2010, Heart.

[55]  B. Grant,et al.  Statistical modeling of volume of alcohol exposure for epidemiological studies of population health: the US example , 2010, Population health metrics.

[56]  M. Ezzati,et al.  Association between tobacco smoking and active tuberculosis in Taiwan: prospective cohort study. , 2009, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[57]  G. MacGregor,et al.  A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes , 2009, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[58]  R. Collins,et al.  Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies , 2009, Lancet.

[59]  K. Katanoda,et al.  Population Attributable Fraction of Mortality Associated with Tobacco Smoking in Japan: A Pooled Analysis of Three Large-scale Cohort Studies , 2008, Journal of epidemiology.

[60]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Does drinking pattern modify the effect of alcohol on the risk of coronary heart disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis , 2008, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[61]  E. Guallar,et al.  Bone Lead Levels and Blood Pressure Endpoints: A Meta-Analysis , 2008, Epidemiology.

[62]  M. Zwahlen,et al.  Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies , 2008, The Lancet.

[63]  B. Gersh Explaining the Decrease in U.S. Deaths from Coronary Disease, 1980–2000 , 2008 .

[64]  Liancheng Zhao,et al.  Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial , 2007, Journal of hypertension.

[65]  J. Manson,et al.  Prospective Study of , 2007 .

[66]  Hendriek C Boshuizen,et al.  Combining risk estimates from observational studies with different exposure cutpoints: a meta-analysis on body mass index and diabetes type 2. , 2006, American journal of epidemiology.

[67]  J. Stockman,et al.  Mortality in Relation to Smoking: 50 Years' Observations on Male British Doctors , 2006 .

[68]  V. Salomaa,et al.  Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Finland between 1982 and 1997. , 2005, American journal of epidemiology.

[69]  Simon Capewell,et al.  Explaining the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in England and Wales Between 1981 and 2000 , 2004, Circulation.

[70]  P. Villeneuve,et al.  Risk factors for prostate cancer: results from the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System , 1999, Cancer Causes & Control.

[71]  Majid Ezzati,et al.  Estimating attributable burden of disease from exposure and hazard data , 2004 .

[72]  R. Collins,et al.  Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies , 2002, The Lancet.

[73]  L. Ryan,et al.  Synthesis of Evidence from Epidemiological Studies with Interval‐Censored Exposure Due to Grouping , 2001, Biometrics.

[74]  B. Brumback,et al.  A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies with interval-censored exposure data: application to chorionic villus sampling. , 2000, Biostatistics.

[75]  C. Murray,et al.  On the comparable quantification of health risks: lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. , 1999, Epidemiology.

[76]  M Dosemeci,et al.  The Agricultural Health Study. , 1996, Environmental health perspectives.

[77]  R Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors , 1994, BMJ.

[78]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics , 1992, The Lancet.

[79]  S. Preston Causes and Consequences of Mortality Declines in Less Developed Countries during the Twentieth Century , 1980 .