Rectangular Thinned Arrays Based on McFarland Difference Sets

A new class of analytical rectangular thinned arrays with low peak sidelobe level (PSL) is introduced. The proposed synthesis technique exploits binary sequences derived from McFarland difference sets to design thinned layouts on a lattice of P × P(P+2) positions for any prime P. The pattern features of the arising massively-thinned arrangements characterized by only P × (P+1) active elements are discussed and the results of an extensive numerical analysis are presented to assess advantages and limitations of the McFarland-based arrays.

[1]  A. Rydberg,et al.  Synthesis of uniform amplitude unequally spaced antenna arrays using the differential evolution algorithm , 2003 .

[2]  A. Massa,et al.  ADS-Based Guidelines for Thinned Planar Arrays , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[3]  A. Massa,et al.  Linear Array Thinning Exploiting Almost Difference Sets , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[4]  B. Steinberg.  The peak sidelobe of the phased array having randomly located elements , 1972 .

[5]  D.H. Werner,et al.  Thinning of aperiodic antenna arrays for low side-lobe levels and broadband operation using genetic algorithms , 2006, 2006 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[6]  F. MacWilliams,et al.  Pseudo-random sequences and arrays , 1976, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[7]  Andrea Massa,et al.  On the Impact of Mutual Coupling Effects on the Psl Performances of Ads Thinned Arrays , 2009 .

[8]  L.P. Ligthart,et al.  Interleaved Array Antennas for FMCW Radar Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[9]  A. Trucco.  Weighting and thinning wide-band arrays by simulated annealing. , 2002, Ultrasonics.

[10]  Constantine A. Balanis,et al.  Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design , 1982 .

[11]  Robert J. Mailloux,et al.  Phased Array Antenna Handbook , 1993 .

[12]  S. Caorsi,et al.  A Versatile Enhanced Genetic Algorithm for Planar Array Design , 2004 .

[13]  D. Leeper,et al.  Isophoric arrays-massively thinned phased arrays with well-controlled sidelobes , 1999 .

[14]  L. E. Kopilovich,et al.  Square Array Antennas Based on Hadamard Difference Sets , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[15]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Genetic algorithm (GA)-enhanced almost difference set (ADS)-based approach for array thinning , 2011 .

[16]  Andrea Trucco,et al.  Synthesis of sparse planar arrays , 1997 .

[17]  Douglas H. Werner,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics , 2007 .

[18]  A. Massa,et al.  Peak sidelobe level reduction with a hybrid approach based on GAs and difference sets , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[19]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Genetically-designed arbitrary length almost difference sets , 2009 .

[20]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Sidelobe reduction in sparse linear arrays by genetic algorithms , 2002 .

[21]  I. Introductiok,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Antenna Arrays with Randomly Spaced Elements , 1963 .

[22]  Randy L. Haupt,et al.  Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms , 1993, Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[23]  G. Nemhauser,et al.  Dynamic programming applied to unequally spaced arrays , 1964 .

[24]  Robert L. McFarland,et al.  A Family of Difference Sets in Non-cyclic Groups , 1973, J. Comb. Theory A.

[25]  A. Massa,et al.  A Hybrid Approach Based on PSO and Hadamard Difference Sets for the Synthesis of Square Thinned Arrays , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[26]  A. Trucco,et al.  Thinning and weighting of large planar arrays by simulated annealing , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.