Characterization of PAHs within PM10 fraction for ashes from coke production, iron smelt, heating station and power plant stacks in Liaoning Province, China

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within PM 10 fraction of ashes from two coke production plants, one iron smelt plant, one heating station and one power plant were analyzed with GC–MS technique in 2009. The sum of 17 selected PAHs varied from 290.20 to 7055.72 μg/g and the amounts of carcinogenic PAHs were between 140.33 and 3345.46 μg/g. The most toxic ash was from the coke production plants and then from the iron smelt plant, coal-fired power plant and heating station according to BaP-based toxic equivalent factor (BaPeq) and BaP-based equivalent carcinogenic power (BaPE). PAHs profile of the iron smelt ash was significantly different from others with coefficient of divergence value higher than 0.40. Indicatory PAHs for coke production plants, heating station and coal-fired power plant were mainly 3-ring species such as Acy, Fl and Ace. While for iron smelt plant, they were Chr and BbF. Diagnostic ratios including Ant/(Ant + Phe), Flu/(Flu + Pyr), BaA/Chr, BbF/BkF, Ind/BghiP, IND/(IND + BghiP), BaP/BghiP, BaP/COR, Pyr/BaP, BaA/(BaA + Chr), BaA/BaP and BaP/(BaP + Chr) were calculated which were mostly different from other stacks for the iron smelt plant.

[1]  Lidia Morawska,et al.  Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[2]  C. Samara,et al.  Size distribution of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ashes generated in Greek lignite-fired power plants. , 2003, The Science of the total environment.

[3]  F. A. Neto,et al.  Atmospheric distribution of organic compounds from urban areas near a coal-fired power station , 2004 .

[4]  Bert van Bavel,et al.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in weathered bottom ash from incineration of municipal solid waste. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[5]  Shui-Jen Chen,et al.  Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the pyrolysis of scrap tires , 2007 .

[6]  Bert van Bavel,et al.  Levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in incineration ashes. , 2003, The Science of the total environment.

[7]  Guoying Sheng,et al.  Emission characterization of particulate/gaseous phases and size association for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion , 2004 .

[8]  Lien-Te Hsieh,et al.  Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from animal carcass incinerators. , 2003, The Science of the total environment.

[9]  Linda K. Weavers,et al.  Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on lime spray dryer (LSD) ash using different extraction methods. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[10]  Perng-Jy Tsai,et al.  Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during vitrification of incinerator ash in a coke bed furnace. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[11]  Ranjeet S. Sokhi,et al.  Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation , 2008 .

[12]  R. Xiao,et al.  Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fly Ash during Coal and Residual Char Combustion in a Pressurized Fluidized Bed , 2009 .

[13]  Wen-Jhy Lee,et al.  PAH emission from various industrial stacks , 1998 .

[14]  Fu-Shen Zhang,et al.  Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different types of hospital waste incinerator ashes , 2008, The Science of the Total Environment.

[15]  E. Galarneau.  Source specificity and atmospheric processing of airborne PAHs: Implications for source apportionment , 2008 .

[16]  Z. Bai,et al.  Characterization of Elemental Species in PM2.5 Samples Collected in Four Cities of Northeast China , 2010 .

[17]  Joseph P. Pinto,et al.  A Comparative Study of PM2.5 Ambient Aerosol Chemical Databases , 1998 .

[18]  Hai Guo,et al.  Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong , 2003 .

[19]  E. Manoli,et al.  Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three sites in northern Greece. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[20]  P. Lotufo,et al.  A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in São Paulo city‚ Brazil , 2005 .

[21]  C. Chao,et al.  Co-firing coal with rice husk and bamboo and the impact on particulate matters and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[22]  K. Hayakawa,et al.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan–Japan Sea countries , 2005 .

[23]  H. Hong,et al.  Seasonal variation of PM10-bound PAHs in the atmosphere of Xiamen, China , 2007 .

[24]  R. Hillamo,et al.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated particulate matter from six urban sites in Europe , 2008 .

[25]  J. T. Riley,et al.  Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fly Ash from Fluidized Bed Combustion Systems , 2000 .

[26]  Judith C. Chow,et al.  A laboratory resuspension chamber to measure fugitive dust size distributions and chemical compositions , 1994 .

[27]  Tan Zhu,et al.  Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[28]  S. Friedlander,et al.  A Comparative Study of Chemical Databases for Fine Particle Chinese Aerosols , 2000 .

[29]  A. M. Mastral,et al.  Assessment of PAH emissions as a function of coal combustion variables , 1996 .

[30]  Z. Bai,et al.  Characterization of PM(10) fraction of road dust for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Anshan, China. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[31]  Sandeep Shah,et al.  Characterization and problems of indoor pollution due to cooking stove smoke , 1993 .

[32]  A. M. Mastral,et al.  A Review on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emissions from Energy Generation , 2000 .

[33]  M. Ahmaruzzaman,et al.  A review on the utilization of fly ash , 2010 .

[34]  Linda K. Weavers,et al.  Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lime Spray Dryer Ash , 2005 .

[35]  Y. Wang,et al.  PAH emission from the industrial boilers. , 1999, Journal of hazardous materials.

[36]  H. Çabuk,et al.  Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. , 2008, The Science of the total environment.

[37]  N. R. Khalili,et al.  PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions , 1995 .

[38]  Shih-Hsien Chang,et al.  Emission of Pb and PAHs from thermally co-treated MSWI fly ash and bottom ash process. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[39]  S. Tao,et al.  Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[40]  Kuo-Hsiung Lin,et al.  Chemical constituents in particulate emissions from an integrated iron and steel facility. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[41]  Li Chen,et al.  A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[42]  Hsi-Hsien Yang,et al.  Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[43]  Xiaofang You.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from co-firing municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal in a fluidized bed incinerator. , 2008, Waste management.

[44]  T. García,et al.  Benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene emissions from coal and waste tire energy generation at atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). , 2001, Environmental Science and Technology.