Seismic Performance of FRP Retrofitted Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints under Varying Axial and Bidirectional Loading

............. .......................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... xxiii NOTATION.............. ..................................................................................................................... xxv ABBREVIATIONS..... .................................................................................................................... xxxi CHAPTER

[1]  K. Kawashima,et al.  Seismic design and retrofit of bridges , 2000 .

[2]  Turan Özturan,et al.  Seismic Retrofit of R/C Frames with CFRP Overlays , 2003 .

[3]  Evaluation of Cyclic Deterioration and Post-Peak Behavior of RC Beam-Column Joint Assemblages by 3-D FE Analysis , 2006, SP-237: Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures.

[4]  S. Pantazopoulou,et al.  Consideration of Questions about Beam-Column Joints , 1992 .

[5]  Troels Brondum-Nielsen Ultimate Flexural Capacity of Cracked Polygonal Concrete Sections under Biaxial Bending , 1985 .

[6]  H. Toutanji,et al.  Failure Analysis of FRP-Strengthened RC Beams , 2008 .

[7]  Andrea Prota,et al.  Seismic behavior of a full-scale RC frame repaired using CFRP laminates , 2005 .

[8]  Mihai Munteanu,et al.  Observations on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Buildings during Earthquakes , 2012 .

[9]  D. Pecknold INELASTIC STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO 2D GROUND MOTION , 1974 .

[10]  Andrew S. Whittaker,et al.  Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey , 2003 .

[11]  A. Hillerborg,et al.  Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements , 1976 .

[12]  Sang Whan Han,et al.  Seismic behaviors of columns in ordinary and intermediate moment resisting concrete frames , 2005 .

[13]  M. J. Nigel Priestley,et al.  Towards a Capacity-Design Assessment Procedure for Reinforced Concrete Frames , 1991 .

[14]  A. Helba,et al.  Reinforced Concrete Structures , 1944, Nature.

[15]  Michael D. Kotsovos,et al.  Structural Concrete: Finite-element Analysis for Limit-state Design , 1995 .

[16]  Andrea Prota,et al.  Seismic strengthening of an under‐designed RC structure with FRP , 2008 .

[17]  M. N. Alias,et al.  Damage to Composites from Electrochemical Processes , 1992 .

[18]  J. L. Noland,et al.  Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-71) in Decision Logic Table Format* , 1976 .

[19]  Vistasp M. Karbhari,et al.  FE Investigation of Material and Preload Parameters on FRP Strengthening Performance of RC Beams, I: Model Development , 2008 .

[20]  John B. Mander,et al.  SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGE PIERS , 1984 .

[21]  Lawrence D. Reaveley,et al.  Performance-Based Evaluation of Exterior Reinforced Concrete Building Joints for Seismic Excitation , 2000 .

[22]  O. Zienkiewicz,et al.  Time-dependent multilaminate model of rocks—a numerical study of deformation and failure of rock masses , 1977 .

[23]  James O. Jirsa,et al.  Evaluation of Slab-Beam-Column Connections Subjected to Bidirectional lLoading , 1991, SP-123: Design of Beam-Column Joints for Seismic Resistance.

[24]  D. Mostoufinezhad,et al.  FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF RC CONNECTIONS STRENGTHENED WITH FRP LAMINATES , 2006 .

[25]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings designed for gravity loads. Part II: experimental test on a three storey frame , 2004 .

[26]  Joško Ožbolt,et al.  NUMERICAL SMEARED FRACTURE ANALYSIS: NONLOCAL MICROCRACK INTERACTION APPROACH , 1996 .

[27]  Daniel P. Abrams,et al.  Influence of Axial Force Variations on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns , 1987 .

[28]  Stephanie L. Walkup,et al.  Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (ACI 440.2R-02) , 2005 .

[29]  A. Torres‐Acosta Galvanic Corrosion of Steel in Contact with Carbon-Polymer Composites. II: Experiments in Concrete , 2002 .

[30]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  Building damage from the Marmara, Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999 , 2002 .

[31]  D. Proverbs,et al.  Finite element modelling of concrete cover separation failure in FRP plated RC beams , 2003 .

[32]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Non-Invasive retrofit of existing RC frames designed for gravity loads only , 2003 .

[33]  A. Carr,et al.  Modelling of shear hinge mechanism in poorly detailed RC beam-column joints , 2003 .

[34]  L. L. Dodd,et al.  MODEL FOR PREDICTING CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCING STEEL , 1995 .

[35]  Alistair Geoffrey Boys Assessment of the Seismic Performance ofInadequately Detailed Reinforced Concrete Columns , 2009 .

[36]  C. Pantelides,et al.  Shear Friction Capacity of Concrete with External Carbon FRP Strips , 2005 .

[37]  M. Saeed Mirza,et al.  Structural Concrete-Biaxial Bending and Compression , 1973 .

[38]  E. Ramm,et al.  NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS POSTSTRENGTHENED CONCRETE SLABS , 2002 .

[39]  M F Giberson Two nonlinear beams with definitions of ductility , 1969 .

[40]  J. Teng,et al.  Intermediate Crack Debonding in FRP-Strengthened RC Beams: FE Analysis and Strength Model , 2007 .

[41]  S. Foster,et al.  Modelling triaxial compression using the Microplane formulation for low confinement , 2002 .

[42]  Michele Barbato,et al.  Efficient finite element modelling of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymers , 2009 .

[43]  Richard W. Furlong,et al.  Ultimate Strength of Square Columns Under Biaxially Eccentric Loads , 1961 .

[44]  M. L. Zak Computer Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Sections Under Biaxial Bending and Longitudinal Load , 1993 .

[45]  Michael G. Oliva,et al.  Biaxial Seismic Response of R/C Frames , 1987 .

[46]  Ahmed Ghobarah,et al.  SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS USING FRP LAMINATES , 2001 .

[47]  Y. R. Rashid,et al.  Ultimate strength analysis of prestressed concrete pressure vessels , 1968 .

[48]  Z. Bittnar,et al.  Microplane models: computational aspects and proposed parallel algorithm , 2002 .

[49]  T. Paulay Equilibrium Criteria for Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints , 1989 .

[50]  N. A. Abrahamson,et al.  Attenuation of vertical peak acceleration , 1989 .

[51]  Cengiz Dundar Concrete Box Sections Under Biaxial Bending and Axial Load , 1990 .

[52]  Azadeh Parvin,et al.  Ply angle effect on fiber composite wrapped reinforced concrete beam–column connections under combined axial and cyclic loads , 2008 .

[53]  J. F. Bonacci,et al.  Parametric Investigation of Joint Mechanics , 1993 .

[54]  Gianluca Cusatis,et al.  Capacity of Rectangular Cross Sections under Biaxially Eccentric Loads , 2008 .

[55]  Y. Frostig,et al.  Closed-Form High-Order Analysis of RC Beams Strengthened with FRP Strips , 2000 .

[56]  D. Bolognini,et al.  Performance-Based Seismic Retrofit Strategy for Existing Reinforced Concrete Frame Systems Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites , 2007 .

[57]  Thomas Paulay,et al.  Response of Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns to Multi-Directional Seismic Attack , 1993 .

[58]  Azadeh Parvin,et al.  An experimental study on Kevlar strengthening of beam-column connections , 2001 .

[59]  Yan Xiao,et al.  BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS UNDER VARIABLE AXIAL LOADS , 2004 .

[60]  Michael N. Fardis,et al.  fib Bulletin 35. Retrofitting of concrete structures by externally bonded FRPs with emphasis on seismic applications , 2006 .

[61]  Mervyn J. Kowalsky,et al.  Displacement-based seismic design of structures , 2007 .

[62]  Marshall Childs Stookey Tests of bond between concrete and steel , 1907 .

[63]  P. M. Ferguson,et al.  Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals , 1981 .

[64]  R. Borst,et al.  CONTINUUM MODELS FOR DISCONTINUOUS MEDIA , 1991 .

[65]  K. H. Kwan,et al.  COMPUTERIZED ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BIAXIAL BENDING , 1985 .

[66]  M. Priestley DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS , 1997 .

[67]  D. Ngo,et al.  Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams , 1967 .

[68]  Zhu Bolong,et al.  Behavior of Exterior Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joints Subjected to Bi-Directional Cyclic Loading , 1991 .

[69]  Donald C. Weber,et al.  Ultimate Strength Design Charts ForColumns with Biaxial Bending , 1966 .

[70]  Ahmed Ghobarah,et al.  Dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete frames including joint shear deformation , 1999 .

[71]  Mansour Niazi,et al.  Characteristics of Free-Field Vertical Ground Motion during the Northridge Earthquake , 1995 .

[72]  Ahmed Ghobarah,et al.  Shear Strengthening of Beam-Column Joints , 2002 .

[73]  R. BabuA.,et al.  CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF CONCRETE: AN OVERVIEW , 2005 .

[74]  Stephen A. Mahin,et al.  Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Uniaxial Excitation , 1991 .

[75]  William C. Schnobrich,et al.  Non-Linear Response of Framed Structures to Two-Dimensional Earthquake Motion , 1974 .

[76]  K. Maekawa,et al.  Nonlinear mechanics of reinforced concrete , 2003 .

[77]  Ahmed Ghobarah,et al.  MODELLING OF RC BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS AND STRUCTURAL WALLS , 2001 .

[78]  Kypros Pilakoutas,et al.  Concrete beams with externally bonded flexural FRP-reinforcement: analytical investigation of debonding failure , 2003 .

[79]  Wai-Fah Chen Plasticity in reinforced concrete , 1982 .

[80]  H Noguchi Three-Dimensional FEM Analysis of RC Beam-Column Joints Subjected to Two-Directional Loads , 2006 .

[81]  V. Karbhari,et al.  FE Investigation of Material and Preload Parameters on FRP Strengthening Performance of RC Beams II: Results , 2008 .

[82]  J. F. Bonacci,et al.  On earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete frame connections , 1994 .

[83]  Salih Yilmaz,et al.  Structural damages of L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake , 2010 .

[84]  D. Mertz,et al.  Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Externally Applied Composite Fabrics , 1995 .

[85]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Multi-criteria approaches for regional earthquake retrofit strategies , 2008 .

[86]  M. Ortiz,et al.  A CONSTITUTIVE THEORY FOR INELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE , 1985 .

[87]  A. Parvin and P. Granata Numerical Study Of Structural Joints ReinforcedWith Composite Fabrics , 1998 .

[88]  John Clarke,et al.  TR 55 revision: Design guidance for strengthening concrete structures using fibre composite materials , 2003 .

[89]  L. Malvar Literature Review of Durability of Composites in Reinforced Concrete. , 1996 .

[90]  A. Ghobarah,et al.  Seismic rehabilitation of beam–column joint using GFRP sheets , 2002 .

[91]  U. Neubauer,et al.  DESIGN ASPECTS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES STRENGTHENED WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP-PLATES , 1997 .

[92]  Gerardo M. Verderame,et al.  Experimental behaviour of anchored smooth rebars in old type reinforced concrete buildings , 2005 .

[93]  Gregory G. Deierlein,et al.  Considerations for the Use of Quasi-Static Testing , 1996 .

[94]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  3D analysis of seismic response of RC beam-column exterior joints before and after retrofit , 2009 .

[95]  H. Gangarao,et al.  BENDING BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE BEAMS WRAPPED WITH CARBON FABRIC , 1998 .

[96]  J. Mander,et al.  Theoretical stress strain model for confined concrete , 1988 .

[97]  H. Saadatmanesh,et al.  Shear and Flexural Strengthening of R/C Beams with Carbon Fiber Sheets , 1997 .

[98]  Antonio Nanni,et al.  SELECTIVE UPGRADE OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS WITH COMPOSITES , 2001 .

[99]  C Nitereka,et al.  Analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure with composite laminates , 1999 .

[100]  Costas P. Antonopoulos,et al.  Analysis of FRP-Strengthened RC Beam-Column Joints , 2002 .

[101]  L. Bank Composites for Construction: Structural Design with FRP Materials , 2006 .

[102]  X. Lua,et al.  Meso-scale finite element model for FRP sheets / plates bonded to con , 2005 .

[103]  H. Krawinkler,et al.  Effects of panel zone deformations on seismic response , 1987 .

[104]  Zdeněk P. Bažant,et al.  New explicit microplane model for concrete: Theoretical aspects and numerical implementation , 1992 .

[105]  Y. Frostig,et al.  Nonlinear High-Order Analysis of Cracked RC Beams Strengthened with FRP Strips , 2001 .

[106]  R. Park,et al.  Seismic Load Tests on Interior and Exterior Beam-Column Joints with Substandard Reinforcing Details , 2000 .

[107]  Denis Mitchell,et al.  Reinforced concrete structures in seismic zones , 1977 .

[108]  Hiroyuki Aoyama,et al.  Biaxial effects in modelling earthquake response of R/C structures , 1976 .

[109]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Three-dimensional Modelling of Poorly Detailed RC Frame Joints , 2006 .

[110]  E. Rosenblueth The 1985 earthquake : Causes and effects in Mexico City , 1986 .

[111]  Su-Seng Pang,et al.  Investigation into FRP repaired RC columns , 2003 .

[112]  Xinrong Li,et al.  Reinforced concrete columns under seismic lateral force and varying axial load , 1994 .

[113]  James C. Anderson,et al.  Models for RC Frames with Degrading Stiffness , 1977 .

[114]  Joško Ožbolt,et al.  Microplane model for concrete with relaxed kinematic constraint , 2001 .

[115]  M. Saatcioglu,et al.  Response of Reinforced Concrete Columns to Simulated Seismic Loading , 1989 .

[116]  Edward Cohen,et al.  Ultimate strength design handbook , 1968 .

[117]  K. Chansawat Nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures strengthened with FRP laminates , 2003 .

[118]  Charles Walter Beckingsale Post elastic behaviour of reinforced concrete beam-column joints , 1980 .

[119]  Z. Bažant,et al.  CRACK SHEAR IN CONCRETE: CRACK BAND MICROPLANE MODEL , 1984 .

[120]  J. Reynouard,et al.  Multicomponent Model of Reinforced Concrete Joints for Cyclic Loading , 2000 .

[121]  G. Calvi,et al.  SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF R . C . BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY LOADS , 2001 .

[122]  Costas P. Antonopoulos,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FRP-STRENGTHENED RC BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS , 2003 .

[123]  Shunsuke Otani,et al.  Model for Inelastic Biaxial Bending of Concrete Members , 1984 .

[124]  A. Machida,et al.  Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Construction—State-of-the-Art Review , 2002 .

[125]  Matthew B. Blaschko,et al.  Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures , 2001 .

[126]  Zhu Cheng-juan Development of SD390 steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete , 2005 .

[127]  Te-Hsiu Chen,et al.  Retrofit strategy of non-seismically designed frame systems based on a metallic haunch system , 2006 .

[128]  Shigeru Hakuto,et al.  Retrofitting of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. , 1995 .

[129]  Damian I. Kachlakev,et al.  TESTING OF FULL-SIZE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH FRP COMPOSITES: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DESIGN METHODS VERIFICATION , 2000 .

[130]  Navin Chandra Nigam Inelastic interactions in the dynamic response of structures , 1967 .

[131]  Lawrence D. Reaveley,et al.  Bridge Pier Retrofit Using Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites , 1998 .

[132]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Seismic Upgrading of 3-D Exterior R.C. Beam Column Joints Subjected To Bi-Directional Cyclic Loading Using GFP Composites, , 2007 .

[133]  Jin-Guang Teng,et al.  Meso-scale finite element model for FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete , 2005 .

[134]  Scott T Smith,et al.  Interfacial stresses in reinforced concrete beams bonded with a soffit plate: a finite element study , 2002 .

[135]  Robert Park,et al.  Evaluation of ductility of structures and structural assemblages from laboratory testing , 1989 .

[136]  Shamim A. Sheikh,et al.  Analytical Model for Concrete Confinement in Tied Columns , 1982 .

[137]  Cheng‐Tzu Thomas Wsu Biaxially Loaded L‐shaped Reinforced Concrete Columns , 1985 .

[138]  Z. Bažant,et al.  Crack band theory for fracture of concrete , 1983 .

[139]  Z. Bažant,et al.  Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials , 1997 .

[140]  L. Ibarra Global collapse of frame structures under seismic excitations , 2003 .

[141]  J. G. Rots,et al.  Fracture Processes in Concrete. Rock and Ceramics , 1991 .

[142]  Gregory Steven Raffaelle R/C eccentric beam-column connections subjected to earthquake-type loading. , 1992 .

[143]  R. Park,et al.  STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF SQUARE REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING , 1989 .

[144]  A. Ghobarah,et al.  Seismic Rehabilitation of Deficient Exterior Concrete Frame Joints , 2005 .

[145]  Patrick Pak Chiu Cheung Seismic design of reinforced concrete beam-column joints with floor slab , 1991 .

[146]  John Clarke Technical report 57: Strengthening concrete structures with fibre composites: acceptance, inspection and monitoring , 2003 .

[147]  S. Xia,et al.  A nonlocal damage theory , 1987 .

[148]  Lawrence D. Reaveley,et al.  In-Situ Verification of Rehabilitation and Repair of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Bents under Simulated Seismic Loads , 2001 .

[149]  Aizhen Liu,et al.  Seismic assessment and retrofit of pre-1970s reinforced concrete frame structures , 2001 .

[150]  José I. Restrepo,et al.  INVESTIGATION OF CONCENTRICALLY LOADED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS CONFINED WITH GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER JACKETS , 2001 .

[151]  C. Pantelides,et al.  Shear Strengthening of RCT-Joints Using CFRP Composites , 2000 .

[152]  C. Karayannis,et al.  Strengthening and rehabilitation of RC beam–column joints using carbon‐FRP jacketing and epoxy resin injection , 2008 .

[153]  A. Kwan,et al.  Finite element analysis of interfacial stresses in FRP–RC hybrid beams , 2004 .