Cardiac care for older adults. Time for a new paradigm.

Recent decades have witnessed striking growth in the number of older adults both in the United States and throughout much of the world, largely due to improved public health, nutrition, and medical care. Between 2000 and 2030, the proportion of the world's population age 65 years and older is

[1]  Christopher H. Morrell,et al.  Accelerated Longitudinal Decline of Aerobic Capacity in Healthy Older Adults , 2005, Circulation.

[2]  R. Carney,et al.  A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  K. Alexander,et al.  Minimizing the Risks of Anticoagulants and Platelet Inhibitors , 2010, Circulation.

[4]  D. Solomon A Statement of Principles: Toward Improved Care of Older Patients in Surgical and Medical Specialties , 2000, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[5]  M. Winker,et al.  Clinical care in the aging century--announcing "Care of the aging patient: from evidence to action". , 2009, JAMA.

[6]  R. Gibbons,et al.  Exercise Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Provides Effective Risk Stratification of Elderly Men and Elderly Women , 2005, Circulation.

[7]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  Cautionary tales in the interpretation of clinical studies involving older persons. , 2010, Archives of internal medicine.

[8]  K. Fukuda,et al.  Molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of degenerative aortic valve disease , 2008, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[9]  Russell Steele,et al.  Statins for secondary prevention in elderly patients: a hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  D. Baker,et al.  Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians: implications for patient safety and continuity of care. , 2007, JAMA.

[11]  From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health and aging: trends in aging--United States and worldwide. , 2003, JAMA.

[12]  C. Gaudio,et al.  Comparative application of multivariate models developed in Italy and Europe to predict early (28 days) and late (1 year) postoperative death after on- or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2007, The heart surgery forum.

[13]  Depression as risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery , 2003, The Lancet.

[14]  P. Raina,et al.  Population attributable risk for functional disability associated with chronic conditions in Canadian older adults. , 2010, Age and ageing.

[15]  N. Samani,et al.  Biological ageing and cardiovascular disease , 2008, Heart.

[16]  S. Normand,et al.  Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in older coronary patients. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[17]  J. Kutner,et al.  Brief Communication: Management of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Hospice: A Nationwide Survey , 2010, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[18]  M. Maurer Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction (HFNEF): embracing complexity. , 2009, Journal of cardiac failure.

[19]  J. Cleveland Frailty, aging, and cardiac surgery outcomes: the stopwatch tells the story. , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[20]  E. Coleman Falling Through the Cracks: Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Transitional Care for Persons with Continuous Complex Care Needs , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[21]  Michael F O'Rourke,et al.  Arterial aging: pathophysiological principles , 2007, Vascular medicine.

[22]  Nandini Dendukuri,et al.  Gait speed as an incremental predictor of mortality and major morbidity in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery. , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[23]  F. Hobbs,et al.  65+ in the United States. , 1996 .

[24]  S. Kovacs,et al.  The effects of caloric restriction- and exercise-induced weight loss on left ventricular diastolic function. , 2008, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[25]  L. Kuller,et al.  Subclinical cardiovascular disease in older adults: insights from the Cardiovascular Health Study. , 2004, The American journal of geriatric cardiology.

[26]  C. Dubeau,et al.  Using Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders Quality Indicators to Measure Quality of Hospital Care for Vulnerable Elders , 2007, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[27]  The Time Investigators Trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary-artery disease (TIME): a randomised trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[28]  Hude Quan,et al.  Resource use in the last 6 months of life among patients with heart failure in Canada. , 2011, Archives of internal medicine.

[29]  John A Spertus,et al.  Association between use of bleeding avoidance strategies and risk of periprocedural bleeding among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. , 2010, JAMA.

[30]  T. Robinson,et al.  Postoperative Delirium in the Elderly: Risk Factors and Outcomes , 2009, Annals of surgery.

[31]  S. Rohrbach,et al.  Caloric restriction delays cardiac ageing in rats: role of mitochondria. , 2010, Cardiovascular research.

[32]  Jerry Avorn,et al.  Medication use in older patients: better policy could encourage better practice. , 2010, JAMA.

[33]  B. L. Combs,et al.  Managing decline in assisted living: the key to aging in place. , 2004, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[34]  Robert A Berenson,et al.  Lost in Transition: Challenges and Opportunities for Improving the Quality of Transitional Care , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[35]  Sharon-Lise T Normand,et al.  Use of Cardiac Rehabilitation by Medicare Beneficiaries After Myocardial Infarction or Coronary Bypass Surgery , 2007, Circulation.

[36]  Seung‐Jung Park,et al.  Validation of SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score for prediction of outcomes after unprotected left main coronary revascularization. , 2010, JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions.

[37]  Daniel Levy,et al.  Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: aging arteries: a "set up" for vascular disease. , 2003, Circulation.

[38]  M. Rich Heart failure in the 21st century: a cardiogeriatric syndrome. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[39]  E. Antman,et al.  Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  C. Patterson,et al.  Development of an easy prognostic score for frailty outcomes in the aged. , 2008, Age and ageing.

[41]  M. Tinetti,et al.  Potential pitfalls of disease-specific guidelines for patients with multiple conditions. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[42]  H. Krumholz,et al.  Care and outcomes of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction by physician specialty: the effects of comorbidity and functional limitations. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[43]  M. Naylor,et al.  Acute coronary care in the elderly, part I: Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology: in collaboration with the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. , 2007, Circulation.

[44]  E. Lakatta Age-associated Cardiovascular Changes in Health: Impact on Cardiovascular Disease in Older Persons , 2004, Heart Failure Reviews.

[45]  H. Krumholz,et al.  Management of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in End-of-Life Care , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[46]  A. Wu,et al.  Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance. , 2005, JAMA.

[47]  Edward G Lakatta,et al.  Arterial aging: is it an immutable cardiovascular risk factor? , 2005, Hypertension.

[48]  Sunil V. Rao,et al.  Baseline Risk of Major Bleeding in Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) Bleeding Score , 2009, Circulation.

[49]  Edward G Lakatta,et al.  Arterial aging and subclinical arterial disease are fundamentally intertwined at macroscopic and molecular levels. , 2009, The Medical clinics of North America.

[50]  V. Andrés,et al.  Aging, telomeres, and atherosclerosis. , 2005, Cardiovascular research.

[51]  Ralph B D'Agostino,et al.  Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age , 2006, Circulation.

[52]  R. Schulz,et al.  Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. , 1999, JAMA.

[53]  J. Shepherd,et al.  Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial , 2003 .

[54]  A. Laupacis,et al.  Age, risk-benefit trade-offs, and the projected effects of evidence-based therapies. , 2004, The American journal of medicine.

[55]  T. Lüscher,et al.  Final common molecular pathways of aging and cardiovascular disease: role of the p66Shc protein. , 2008, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[56]  J. Ornato,et al.  ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patie , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[57]  W. Kannel Coronary heart disease risk factors in the elderly. , 2002, The American journal of geriatric cardiology.

[58]  L. Fried,et al.  Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[59]  Daniel E Forman,et al.  Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes in older adults. , 2009, Clinics in geriatric medicine.

[60]  K. Schulman,et al.  Resource use in the last 6 months of life among medicare beneficiaries with heart failure, 2000-2007. , 2011, Archives of internal medicine.

[61]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial , 2002, The Lancet.

[62]  A New Tool for the Risk Stratification of Patients With Complex Coronary Artery Disease: The Clinical SYNTAX Score , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[63]  D. Forman Diagnostic testing in the elderly: imaging is great, but it's not the whole story. , 2007, The American journal of geriatric cardiology.

[64]  P. Maciejewski,et al.  Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. , 2008, JAMA.

[65]  D. Kass,et al.  Advanced glycation end product cross-linking: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. , 2004, Congestive heart failure.

[66]  Carl J Pepine,et al.  ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction--2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients , 2002, Circulation.

[67]  D. Solomon A Statement of Principles: Toward Improved Care of Older Patients in Surgical and Medical Specialties , 2000, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[68]  J. Fleg,et al.  Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Well‐Functioning Older Adults: Treadmill Validation of the Long Distance Corridor Walk , 2006, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[69]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the OASIS-5 trial. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[70]  Akshay S. Desai,et al.  Central aortic stiffness is increased in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. , 2009, Journal of cardiac failure.

[71]  S. Pocock,et al.  Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[72]  M. Turakhia,et al.  Impact of advanced age on survival in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. , 2008, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[73]  E. J. Brown,et al.  The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[74]  Arnold B Mitnitski,et al.  Frailty, fitness and late-life mortality in relation to chronological and biological age , 2002, BMC geriatrics.

[75]  S. Katz,et al.  Home continuous positive inotropic infusion as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in patients with end-stage heart failure. , 2004, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[76]  P. Pollner,et al.  Who will care for the frail elderly? , 2008, The American journal of medicine.