Supercapacitor and supercapattery as emerging electrochemical energy stores

ABSTRACT This article reviews critically selected recent literature on electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies, focusing on supercapacitor and also supercapattery which is a generic term for various hybrid devices combining the merits of rechargeable battery and supercapacitor. Fundamentals of EES are explained, aiming at clarification of some literature confusions such as the differences between capacitive and non-capacitive Faradaic charge storage mechanisms, and between cathode and positive electrode (positrode), and between anode and negative electrode (negatrode). In particular, the concept and origin of pseudocapacitance are qualitatively correlated with the band model for semiconductors. Strategies for design and construction of supercapattery are discussed in terms of both the materials structures and device engineering. Selection of materials, including electrolytes, is another topic reviewed selectively. Graphenes and carbon nanotubes are the favourable choice to composite with both capacitive and non-capacitive redox materials for improved kinetics of charge storage processes and charge–discharge cycling stability. Organoaqueous electrolytes show a great potential to enable EES to work at sub-zero temperatures, while solid ion conducting membranes and ionic liquids can help develop high voltage (>4.0 V) and hence high energy supercapatteries.

[1]  Y. Li,et al.  Fabrics , 2018, Structural Geology: A Quantitative Introduction.

[2]  G. Chen,et al.  Redox electrode materials for supercapatteries , 2016 .

[3]  G. Chen,et al.  High energy supercapattery with an ionic liquid solution of LiClO4. , 2016, Faraday discussions.

[4]  C. O’Dwyer,et al.  Hierarchical NiO–In2O3 microflower (3D)/ nanorod (1D) hetero-architecture as a supercapattery electrode with excellent cyclic stability , 2016 .

[5]  Andreas Stein,et al.  Utilizing ionic liquids for controlled N-doping in hard-templated, mesoporous carbon electrodes for high-performance electrochemical double-layer capacitors , 2015 .

[6]  Zongping Shao,et al.  Molten salt synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon with hierarchical pore structures for use as high-performance electrodes in supercapacitors , 2015 .

[7]  Patryk Przygocki,et al.  Appropriate methods for evaluating the efficiency and capacitive behavior of different types of supercapacitors , 2015 .

[8]  Zifeng Yan,et al.  Insight into high areal capacitances of low apparent surface area carbons derived from nitrogen-rich polymers , 2015 .

[9]  Tao Liu,et al.  Cycling Li-O2 batteries via LiOH formation and decomposition , 2015, Science.

[10]  Fei Li,et al.  MnO2-based nanostructures for high-performance supercapacitors , 2015 .

[11]  Zhiyong Liang,et al.  Overcharge failure investigation of lithium-ion batteries , 2015 .

[12]  R. Ramachandran,et al.  Fabrication of CeO2/Fe2O3 composite nanospindles for enhanced visible light driven photocatalysts and supercapacitor electrodes , 2015 .

[13]  G. Chen,et al.  Organoaqueous calcium chloride electrolytes for capacitive charge storage in carbon nanotubes at sub-zero-temperatures. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[14]  Pierre-Louis Taberna,et al.  In situ NMR and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques reveal the structure of the electrical double layer in supercapacitors. , 2015, Nature materials.

[15]  J. Chae,et al.  Cell voltage versus electrode potential range in aqueous supercapacitors , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[16]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality? , 2015, Advanced materials.

[17]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Nanostructured Mn-based oxides for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[18]  Jing Wang,et al.  Effect of the capacity design of activated carbon cathode on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion capacitors , 2015 .

[19]  I. Honma,et al.  Enhancement of energy density in organic redox capacitor by improvement of electric conduction network , 2015 .

[20]  J. Jia.  Rational Design of Octahedron and Nanowire CeO2@MnO2 Core-Shell Heterostructures with Outstanding Rate Capability for Asymmetric Supercapacitors , 2015 .

[21]  Jeffrey W. Long,et al.  To Be or Not To Be Pseudocapacitive , 2015 .

[22]  Bamidele Akinwolemiwa,et al.  Redox Electrolytes in Supercapacitors , 2015 .

[23]  J. Tarascon,et al.  Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. , 2015, Nature chemistry.

[24]  V. Presser,et al.  Comparison of carbon onions and carbon blacks as conductive additives for carbon supercapacitors in organic electrolytes , 2014 .

[25]  Wei Chen,et al.  High performance supercapacitors based on three-dimensional ultralight flexible manganese oxide nanosheets/carbon foam composites , 2014 .

[26]  T. Tseng,et al.  High energy density asymmetric pseudocapacitors fabricated by graphene/carbon nanotube/MnO2 plus carbon nanotubes nanocomposites electrode , 2014 .

[27]  Yong Yang,et al.  Recent progress in research on high-voltage electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. , 2014, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[28]  Myeongjin Kim,et al.  Redox deposition of birnessite-type manganese oxide on silicon carbide microspheres for use as supercapacitor electrodes. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[29]  B. Dunn,et al.  Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage , 2014 .

[30]  Y. Yoon,et al.  Vertical alignments of graphene sheets spatially and densely piled for fast ion diffusion in compact supercapacitors. , 2014, ACS nano.

[31]  V. Presser,et al.  Carbons and Electrolytes for Advanced Supercapacitors , 2014, Advanced materials.

[32]  Xiao‐Qing Yang,et al.  Structural Changes in Reduced Graphene Oxide upon MnO2 Deposition by the Redox Reaction between Carbon and Permanganate Ions , 2014 .

[33]  Yunlong Zhao,et al.  Synergistic interaction between redox-active electrolyte and binder-free functionalized carbon for ultrahigh supercapacitor performance , 2013, Nature Communications.

[34]  Wataru Shimizu,et al.  Development of a 4.2 V aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor based on MnO2 positive and protected Li negative electrodes , 2013 .

[35]  Qiu Yang,et al.  Metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays: Hydrothermal synthesis and applications as supercapacitors and nanocatalysts , 2013 .

[36]  G. Chen.  Understanding supercapacitors based on nano-hybrid materials with interfacial conjugation , 2013 .

[37]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Capacitive energy storage in nanostructured carbon-electrolyte systems. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[38]  D. Rolison,et al.  Redox deposition of nanoscale metal oxides on carbon for next-generation electrochemical capacitors. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[39]  Lixin Guo,et al.  High voltage asymmetric supercapacitor based on MnO2 and graphene electrodes , 2013 .

[40]  Z. Xiong,et al.  Organic Electrolytes for Activated Carbon-Based Supercapacitors with Flexible Package , 2013 .

[41]  J. Chae,et al.  1.9V aqueous carbon–carbon supercapacitors with unequal electrode capacitances , 2012 .

[42]  N. Imanishi,et al.  4 V class aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor with battery-like capacity , 2012 .

[43]  John B. Goodenough,et al.  Rechargeable batteries: challenges old and new , 2012, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[44]  J. Chae,et al.  From Electrochemical Capacitors to Supercapatteries , 2012 .

[45]  G. Chen,et al.  20 V stack of aqueous supercapacitors with carbon (−), titanium bipolar plates and CNT‐polypyrrole composite (+) , 2012 .

[46]  Lei Zhang,et al.  A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[47]  Diego Lisbona,et al.  A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries , 2011 .

[48]  G. Chen,et al.  Interfacial synthesis: amphiphilic monomers assisted ultrarefining of mesoporous manganese oxide nanoparticles and the electrochemical implications. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[49]  Hao Jiang,et al.  High–rate electrochemical capacitors from highly graphitic carbon–tipped manganese oxide/mesoporous carbon/manganese oxide hybrid nanowires , 2011 .

[50]  G. Chen,et al.  Theoretical specific capacitance based on charge storage mechanisms of conducting polymers: comment on 'Vertically oriented arrays of polyaniline nanorods and their super electrochemical properties'. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[51]  François Béguin,et al.  Adjustment of electrodes potential window in an asymmetric carbon/MnO2 supercapacitor , 2011 .

[52]  B. Jang,et al.  Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density. , 2010, Nano letters.

[53]  G. Chen,et al.  Nanocomposites of manganese oxides and carbon nanotubes for aqueous supercapacitor stacks , 2010 .

[54]  G. Chen,et al.  Unequalisation of electrode capacitances for enhanced energy capacity in asymmetrical supercapacitors , 2010 .

[55]  G. Chen,et al.  Electrodeposition of nonconducting polymers: roles of carbon nanotubes in the process and products. , 2010, ACS nano.

[56]  H. Dai,et al.  Ni(OH)2 nanoplates grown on graphene as advanced electrochemical pseudocapacitor materials. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  A. Pandolfo,et al.  Rate capability of graphite materials as negative electrodes in lithium-ion capacitors , 2010 .

[58]  J. Xian.  Capacitance at the Electrode/Ionic Liquid Interface , 2010 .

[59]  Jie Cheng,et al.  Carbon nanotube/MnO2 composites synthesized by microwave-assisted method for supercapacitors with high power and energy densities , 2009 .

[60]  G. Chen,et al.  Individual and Bipolarly Stacked Asymmetrical Aqueous Supercapacitors of CNTs / SnO2 and CNTs / MnO2 Nanocomposites , 2009 .

[61]  Mykola Seredych,et al.  Combined Effect of Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Containing Functional Groups of Microporous Activated Carbon on its Electrochemical Performance in Supercapacitors , 2009 .

[62]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Materials for electrochemical capacitors. , 2008, Nature materials.

[63]  G. Chen,et al.  Manganese oxide based materials for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[64]  G. Chen,et al.  Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[65]  M. Yoshio,et al.  Performance of AC/graphite capacitors at high weight ratios of AC/graphite , 2008 .

[66]  Jun Jin,et al.  A comparative study on electrochemical co-deposition and capacitance of composite films of conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes , 2007 .

[67]  Xuezhe Wei,et al.  Lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries for the Chinese electric bike market and implications on future technology advancement , 2007 .

[68]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Nanoscale microelectrochemical cells on carbon nanotubes. , 2007, Small.

[69]  Guiling Wang,et al.  Direct carbon fuel cell: Fundamentals and recent developments , 2007 .

[70]  G. Chen,et al.  Three-phase interlines electrochemically driven into insulator compounds: a penetration model and its verification by electroreduction of solid AgCl. , 2007, Chemistry.

[71]  Yuan An-bao.  Nano-MnO_2/Activated Carbon Hybrid Supercapacitors Using Alkaline Electrolyte , 2006 .

[72]  G. Chen,et al.  Electrochemistry at conductor/insulator/electrolyte three-phase interlines: A thin layer model. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[73]  K. Takagi,et al.  Electrochemical properties of novel ionic liquids for electric double layer capacitor applications , 2004 .

[74]  R. G. Evans,et al.  Non-haloaluminate room-temperature ionic liquids in electrochemistry--a review. , 2004, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[75]  Mathieu Toupin,et al.  Charge Storage Mechanism of MnO2 Electrode Used in Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitor , 2004 .

[76]  Derek J. Fray,et al.  Redox deposition of manganese oxide on graphite for supercapacitors , 2004 .

[77]  E. Frąckowiak,et al.  Capacitance properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotubes composites , 2004 .

[78]  Chi-Chang Hu,et al.  How to Achieve Maximum Utilization of Hydrous Ruthenium Oxide for Supercapacitors , 2004 .

[79]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[80]  Hsisheng Teng,et al.  Influence of oxygen treatment on electric double-layer capacitance of activated carbon fabrics , 2002 .

[81]  F. Scholz,et al.  The electrochemical oxidation of white phosphorus at a three-phase junction , 2000 .

[82]  Milo S. P. Shaffer,et al.  Carbon Nanotube and Polypyrrole Composites: Coating and Doping , 2000 .

[83]  Venkat Srinivasan,et al.  Studies on the Capacitance of Nickel Oxide Films: Effect of Heating Temperature and Electrolyte Concentration , 2000 .

[84]  J. Goodenough,et al.  Ideal supercapacitor behavior of amorphous V2O5.nH2O in potassium chloride (KCl) aqueous solution , 1999 .

[85]  John B. Goodenough,et al.  Supercapacitor Behavior with KCl Electrolyte , 1999 .

[86]  Y. Roginskaya,et al.  Nanostructured SnO2-TiO2, SnO2-ZrO2, and SnO2-SbOx oxides as charge-accumulating materials , 1999 .

[87]  B. Conway,et al.  The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors , 1997 .

[88]  Marc A. Anderson,et al.  Porous Nickel Oxide/Nickel Films for Electrochemical Capacitors , 1996 .

[89]  B. Scrosati,et al.  On the use of ionically conducting membranes for the fabrication of laminated polymer-based redox capacitors , 1995 .

[90]  Jim P. Zheng,et al.  A New Charge Storage Mechanism for Electrochemical Capacitors , 1995 .

[91]  Shimshon Gottesfeld,et al.  Conducting polymers as active materials in electrochemical capacitors , 1994 .

[92]  B. Conway,et al.  Transition from 'supercapacitor' to 'battery' behavior in electrochemical energy storage , 1990, Proceedings of the 34th International Power Sources Symposium.

[93]  S. Glarum,et al.  The In Situ ESR and Electrochemical Behavior of Poly(aniline) Electrode Films , 1987 .

[94]  E. Geniés,et al.  Redox mechanism and electrochemical behaviour or polyaniline deposits , 1985 .

[95]  R. Gaylord.  unpublished results , 1985 .

[96]  FujihiraMasamichi,et al.  ORGANO-MODIFIED METAL OXIDE ELECTRODE. I. STUDIES OF MODIFIED LAYER BY CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS AND ESCA , 1976 .

[97]  J. Mcbreen,et al.  The electrochemistry of -MnO2 and ?-MnO2 in alkaline electrolyte1 , 1975 .

[98]  S. Trasatti,et al.  Ruthenium dioxide: a new electrode material. I. Behaviour in acid solutions of inert electrolytes , 1974 .

[99]  S. Trasatti,et al.  Ruthenium dioxide: A new interesting electrode material. Solid state structure and electrochemical behaviour , 1971 .

[100]  M. A. Sattar,et al.  Electrochemistry of the nickel-oxide electrode—VI. Surface oxidation of nickel anodes in alkaline solution☆ , 1969 .

[101]  R. Greef,et al.  The interpretation of adsorption pseudocapacitance curves as measured by the potential-sweep method—I , 1967 .

[102]  B. Conway,et al.  Kinetic theory of pseudo-capacitance and electrode reactions at appreciable surface coverage , 1962 .