Chemicals in toys. A general methodology for assessment of chemical safety of toys with a focus on elements

[1]  Migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) from PVC articles , 2000 .

[2]  P. Grandjean,et al.  Absorption and retention of nickel from drinking water in relation to food intake and nickel sensitivity. , 1999, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[3]  Y. Kalia,et al.  Skin permeation enhancement by sucrose esters: a pH-dependent phenomenon. , 2005, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[4]  G. Kimmel,et al.  Perinatal toxicity associated with nickel chloride exposure. , 1993, Environmental research.

[5]  R. Brent,et al.  The Need for Vigilance: The Persistence of Lead Poisoning in Children , 2005, Pediatrics.

[6]  L Järup,et al.  Health effects of cadmium exposure--a review of the literature and a risk estimate. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[7]  M. Golub,et al.  Effects of aluminum ingestion on spontaneous motor activity of mice. , 1989, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[8]  A. Oomen Determinants of oral bioavailability of soil-borne contaminants , 2000 .

[9]  Nicolle S. Tulve,et al.  Frequency of mouthing behavior in young children , 2002, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

[10]  M. Olivares,et al.  Gastrointestinal symptoms and blood indicators of copper load in apparently healthy adults undergoing controlled copper exposure. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[11]  W. L. Chiou,et al.  The Rate and Extent of Oral Bioavailability versus the Rate and Extent of Oral Absorption: Clarification and Recommendation of Terminology , 2001, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.

[12]  M vanderZeePark,et al.  ConsExpo - Consumer Exposure and Uptake Models -Program Manual , 2006 .

[13]  R. P. Maas,et al.  Lead Content and Exposure from Children’s and Adult’s Jewelry Products , 2005, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[14]  J. Pérez-Iglesias,et al.  Migration of Lead and Cadmium from Ceramic Materials Used in Food Preparation , 2000, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[15]  Christopher P. Thomas,et al.  Skin penetration enhancement of mefenamic acid by ethanol and 1,8-cineole can be explained by the 'pull' effect. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[16]  A. Beynen,et al.  The concept of iron bioavailability and its assessment , 1999, European journal of nutrition.

[17]  I. Steiner,et al.  Migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from PVC child articles into saliva and saliva simulant. , 1998, Food additives and contaminants.

[18]  H. Schroeder,et al.  Life term studies on the effect of trace elements on spontaneous tumors in mice and rats. , 1969, Cancer research.

[19]  C. Fullmer Intestinal interactions of lead and calcium. , 1992, Neurotoxicology.

[20]  K. M. Thompson,et al.  An observational study of object mouthing behavior by young children. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[21]  G. Yang,et al.  Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. Part II: Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. , 1989, Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease.

[22]  M. E. Groot,et al.  Mouthing behaviour of young children: an observational study. , 1998 .

[23]  C. A. Hoppert,et al.  Chronic toxicity studies. II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats. , 1958, A.M.A. archives of industrial health.

[24]  S. Felter,et al.  Gastrointestinal absorption of metals. , 1997, Drug and chemical toxicology.

[25]  S. K. Ghosal,et al.  The effect of pH and organic ester penetration enhancers on skin permeation kinetics of terbutaline sulfate from pseudolatex-type transdermal delivery systems through mouse and human cadaver skins , 2005, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[26]  Rivm,et al.  Phthalate release from soft PVC baby toys, Report from the Dutch Consensus Group , 1998 .

[27]  T. Menné,et al.  Patch test reactivity to nickel alloys , 1987, Contact dermatitis.

[28]  Paul Mushak,et al.  Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of Lead in Children and Adults: Overview of Biological and Biophysico-Chemical Aspects , 1991 .

[29]  Carl Westmoreland,et al.  A future approach to measuring relative skin sensitising potency: a proposal , 2006, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[30]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Comparison of five in vitro digestion models to study the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[31]  O. Díez‐Sales,et al.  Enhancing effect of alpha-hydroxyacids on "in vitro" permeation across the human skin of compounds with different lipophilicity. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[32]  C J Price,et al.  Developmental toxicity NOAEL and postnatal recovery in rats fed boric acid during gestation. , 1996, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[33]  Lbg,et al.  Evaluation and revision of the CSOIL parameter set. Proposed parameter set for human exposure modelling and deriving Intervention Values for the first series of compounds , 2001 .

[34]  Bremmer Hj,et al.  Children's Toys Fact Sheet , 2002 .

[35]  Wout Slob,et al.  Probabilistic risk characterization: an example with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. , 2005, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[36]  Stef van Buuren,et al.  Continuing Positive Secular Growth Change in the Netherlands 1955–1997 , 2000, Pediatric Research.

[37]  B. Norris,et al.  Reducing the risk of choking hazards: Mouthing behaviour of children aged 1 month to 5 years , 2003, Injury control and safety promotion.

[38]  PAUL J LIOY,et al.  Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology , 1999, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

[39]  H. van Loveren,et al.  An European inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints of the murine local lymph node assay: first round. , 2005, Toxicology.

[40]  P. Williams,et al.  Barium: rationale for a new oral reference dose. , 2001, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

[41]  Michael A. Greene,et al.  Risk assessment of oral exposure to diisononyl phthalate from children's products. , 2004, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[42]  Sir,et al.  Development and suitability of in vitro digestion models in assessing bioaccessibility of lead from toy matrices , 2003 .

[43]  C J Price,et al.  Developmental toxicity of boric acid in mice and rats. , 1992, Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[44]  T. Menné,et al.  Repeated exposures to cobalt or chromate on the hands of patients with hand eczema and contact allergy to that metal , 2000, Contact dermatitis.

[45]  W. Uter,et al.  Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates , 1995, Contact dermatitis.

[46]  Sir,et al.  Application of in vitro digestion models to assess release of lead and phthalate from toy matrices and azo dyes from textile , 2004 .

[47]  John C. Coakley,et al.  Environmental Health Criteria 165—Inorganic Lead , 1997 .

[48]  L Ullmann,et al.  An European inter-laboratory validation of alternative endpoints of the murine local lymph node assay: 2nd round. , 2005, Toxicology.

[49]  J. Dressman,et al.  Physiochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH. , 1997, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[50]  Richard D. Leiker,et al.  Lead Poisoning From a Toy Necklace , 2004, Pediatrics.

[51]  M. Ishizaki,et al.  A dose-response analysis of cadmium in the general environment with special reference to total cadmium intake limit. , 1989, Environmental research.

[52]  T. Clarkson Molecular and ionic mimicry of toxic metals. , 1993, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[53]  Bremmer Hj,et al.  General fact sheet - Limiting conditions and reliability, ventilation, room size, body surface area. Updated version for ConsExpo 4 , 2006 .

[54]  Carsten Goebel,et al.  Proposal for a risk assessment methodology for skin sensitization based on sensitization potency data. , 2003, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.