Quantum noise — A limit in photodetection

This paper attempts to outline the fundamental limits of the photoelectric measurement process, to give a simple picture of how their consequences can be estimated and to describe recent ideas and experimental work on how to use the current understanding of photodetection to make measurements previously thought to be beyond the quantum limit.

[1]  Fisk,et al.  Investigation of the dynamic Stark effect in a J=0-->1-->0 three-level system. I. Experiment. , 1986, Physical review. A, General physics.

[2]  Reid,et al.  Quantum nondemolition detection of optical quadrature amplitudes. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[3]  Gerard J. Milburn,et al.  Quantum nondemolition measurements via quadratic coupling , 1983 .

[4]  M. Scully,et al.  The Quantum Theory of Light , 1974 .

[5]  Machida,et al.  High-impedance suppression of pump fluctuation and amplitude squeezing in semiconductor lasers. , 1987, Physical review. A, General physics.

[6]  R. Glauber.  Coherent and incoherent states of the radiation field , 1963 .

[7]  J. Shapiro.  Quantum noise and excess noise in optical homodyne and heterodyne receivers , 1985 .

[8]  Imoto,et al.  Quantum nondemolition measurement of photon number in a lossy optical Kerr medium. , 1989, Physical review. A, General physics.

[9]  J. R. Pierce.  Physical Sources of Noise , 1956, Proceedings of the IRE.

[10]  V. Chan,et al.  Noise in homodyne and heterodyne detection. , 1983, Optics letters.

[11]  Squeezing experiments in sodium vapor , 1987 .

[12]  Yurke,et al.  Back-action evading measurements of an optical field using parametric down conversion. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[13]  N. Imoto,et al.  A nonlinear optical-fiber interferometer for nondemolitional measurement of photon number , 1987 .

[14]  Reynaud,et al.  Observation of quantum noise reduction on twin laser beams. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[15]  Vladimir B. Braginsky,et al.  Quantum Nondemolition Measurements , 1980, Science.

[16]  M. Levenson,et al.  Optical quantum nondemolition detection schemes in χ (2) media , 1987 .

[17]  S. H. Perlmutter,et al.  Optical-fiber media for squeezed-state generation , 1987 .

[18]  Walls,et al.  Quantum nondemolition measurements in an optical-fiber ring resonator. , 1988, Physical review. A, General physics.

[19]  Kimble,et al.  Precision measurement beyond the shot-noise limit. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[20]  D. Walls.  Squeezed states of light , 1983, Nature.

[21]  Mertz,et al.  Observation of squeezed states generated by four-wave mixing in an optical cavity. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[22]  H. Kimble,et al.  Squeezed-state generation in optical bistability , 1987 .

[23]  R. Loudon.  Quantum Limit on the Michelson Interferometer used for Gravitational-Wave Detection , 1981 .

[24]  G. Leuchs.  Squeezing the quantum fluctuations of light , 1988 .

[25]  Machida,et al.  Amplitude squeezing in a pump-noise-suppressed laser oscillator. , 1986, Physical review. A, General physics.

[26]  Carlton M. Caves,et al.  Quantum-Mechanical Radiation-Pressure Fluctuations in an Interferometer , 1980 .