Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Abstract As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, an increasing number of countries and territories are adopting restrictive measures based on physical (“social”) distancing, aimed at preventing human-to-human transmission and thereby limiting virus propagation. Nationwide lockdowns, encompassing mass quarantine under stay-at-home ordinances, have already been proven effective to contain the COVID-19 outbreak in some countries. Nevertheless, a prolonged homestay may also be associated with potential side effects, which may jeopardize people’s health and thus must be recognized and mitigated in a way without violating local ordinances. Some of the most important undesirable consequences of prolonged homestay such as physical inactivity, weight gain, behavioral addiction disorders, insufficient sunlight exposure and social isolation will be critically addressed in this article, which also aims to provide some tentative recommendations for the alleviation of side effects.

[1]  Agata Mikolajczyk,et al.  The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China , 2020, Journal of travel medicine.

[2]  Theodoros Evgeniou,et al.  Algorithms on regulatory lockdown in medicine , 2019, Science.

[3]  Kwok-Hung Chan,et al.  Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva , 2020, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[4]  C. Bouchard,et al.  Physical Inactivity and Low Fitness Deserve More Attention to Alter Cancer Risk and Prognosis , 2014, Cancer Prevention Research.

[5]  Marco Perino,et al.  Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings , 2009 .

[6]  N. Maffulli,et al.  Muscle Injuries: A Brief Guide to Classification and Management , 2014, Translational medicine @ UniSa.

[7]  Soren Brage,et al.  Physical activity trajectories and mortality: population based cohort study , 2019, BMJ.

[8]  G. Lippi,et al.  An Estimation of the Worldwide Epidemiologic Burden of Physical Inactivity-Related Ischemic Heart Disease , 2020, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy.

[9]  C. Aranow.  Vitamin D and the Immune System , 2011, Journal of Investigative Medicine.

[10]  H. Wichers.  Immunomodulation by food: promising concept for mitigating allergic disease? , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[11]  Junga Lee.  The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. , 2018, Journal of gerontological nursing.

[12]  A. Aliverti.  The respiratory muscles during exercise , 2016, Breathe.

[13]  M. Lachman,et al.  Behavior Change with Fitness Technology in Sedentary Adults: A Review of the Evidence for Increasing Physical Activity , 2017, Front. Public Health.

[14]  R. Kelishadi,et al.  Health impacts of Obesity , 2014, Pakistan journal of medical sciences.

[15]  D. Hurley,et al.  Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treat. , 2010, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[16]  T. Pieber,et al.  Vitamin D and Immune Function , 2013, Nutrients.

[17]  R. Striker,et al.  Vitamin D and the anti-viral state. , 2011, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[18]  R. Armitage,et al.  COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly , 2020, The Lancet Public Health.

[19]  Donald C McKenzie,et al.  Respiratory physiology: adaptations to high-level exercise , 2012, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[20]  B. Singer,et al.  Impact of international travel and border control measures on the global spread of the novel 2019 coronavirus outbreak , 2020, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[21]  G. Lippi,et al.  Are we overrating the extra-skeletal benefits of oral vitamin D supplementation? , 2019, Annals of translational medicine.

[22]  P. Klepac,et al.  Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts , 2020, The Lancet Global Health.

[23]  D. Fisher,et al.  Q&A: The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID-19 , 2020, BMC Medicine.

[24]  Daniel Krewski,et al.  Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission , 2016, Pathogens.

[25]  M. Hiligsmann,et al.  Rationale and Plan for Vitamin D Food Fortification: A Review and Guidance Paper , 2018, Front. Endocrinol..

[26]  Qingqing Lin,et al.  Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[27]  A. M. Leontovich,et al.  The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, Nature Microbiology.

[28]  G. Putoto,et al.  COVID-19 in Italy: momentous decisions and many uncertainties , 2020, The Lancet Global Health.

[29]  Dylan H. Morris,et al.  Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  G. Lippi,et al.  Indoor Tanning a Gianus Bifrons: Vitamin D and Human Cancer. , 2018, Advances in clinical chemistry.

[31]  G. Lippi,et al.  Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) , 2020, European journal of preventive cardiology.

[32]  A. Rissanen,et al.  Physical Inactivity and Obesity: A Vicious Circle , 2008, Obesity.

[33]  G. Álvarez-Hernández,et al.  Effect of the Holiday Season on Weight Gain: A Narrative Review , 2017, Journal of obesity.

[34]  Giuseppe Lippi,et al.  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the portrait of a perfect storm , 2020, Annals of translational medicine.

[35]  Chuan Qin,et al.  Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China , 2020, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[36]  G. Lippi,et al.  Vitamin D, Thrombosis, and Hemostasis: More than Skin Deep , 2012, Seminars in Thrombosis & Hemostasis.

[37]  D. Wang,et al.  The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status , 2020, Military Medical Research.

[38]  C. Macintyre.  On a knife's edge of a COVID-19 pandemic: is containment still possible? , 2020, Public health research & practice.

[39]  Chikin Chan,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions , 2020, Cell & Bioscience.

[40]  Alexander Winkler,et al.  Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.org Internet Addiction: a Brief Summary of Research and Practice , 2022 .

[41]  W. Hugentobler,et al.  Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections. , 2020, Annual review of virology.

[42]  M. Szychlinska,et al.  The importance of physical activity in osteoporosis. From the molecular pathways to the clinical evidence. , 2016, Histology and histopathology.

[43]  M. Azad,et al.  Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on Cytokine Profiles , 2018, BioMed research international.

[44]  Saibin Wang,et al.  Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[45]  A. Astrup.  Dietary management of obesity. , 2008, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[46]  R. Birrer,et al.  Physical activity and diabetes mellitus , 2005, Comprehensive therapy.

[47]  G. Lippi,et al.  e-thrombosis: epidemiology, physiopathology and rationale for preventing computer-related thrombosis. , 2018, Annals of translational medicine.

[48]  John A. Bargh,et al.  Television Viewing and Unhealthy Diet: Implications for Children and Media Interventions , 2009, Health communication.

[49]  D. Kohen,et al.  Relationship between leisure time physical activity, sedentary behaviour and symptoms of depression and anxiety: evidence from a population-based sample of Canadian adolescents , 2018, BMJ Open.