Across borders: External factors and prior behaviour influence North Pacific albatross associations with fishing vessels

1. Understanding encounters between marine predators and fisheries across national 2. Here, we reveal associations throughout We identified commercial fishing operations using Global Fishing Watch data and algorithms to detect fishing vessels. We compiled GPS tracks of adult black- footed Phoebastria nigripes and Laysan Phoebastria immutabilis albatrosses, and juvenile short- tailed albatrosses Phoebastria albatrus . We quantified albatrosses- vessel encounters based on the assumed distance that birds perceive a vessel (≤30 km), and associations when birds approached vessels (≤3 km). For each event we quantified bird behaviour, environmental conditions and vessel characteristics and then applied Boosted Regression Tree models to identify driv ers and the duration of these associations.

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