Strategic review of enhancements and culture-based fisheries

Enhancements are interventions in the life cycle of common pool aquatic resources. Enhancement technologies include culture-based fisheries, habitat modifications, fertilization, feeding, and elimination of predators/competitors. Enhancements are estimated to yield about 2 million t/year, mostly from culture-based fisheries in fresh waters where they account for some 20% of capture, or 10% of combined capture and culture production. Marine enhancements are still at an experimental stage, but some have reached commercial production. Enhancements use limited external feed and energy inputs, and can provide very high returns for labour and capital input. Moreover, enhancement initiatives can facilitate institutional change and a more active management of aquatic resources, leading to increased productivity, conservation, and wider social benefits. Enhancements may help to maintain population abundance, community structure and ecosystem functioning in the face of heavy exploitation and/or environmental degradation. Negative environmental impacts may arise from ecological and genetic interactions between enhanced and wild stocks. Many enhancements have not realized their full potential because of a failure to address specific institutional, technological, management and research requirements emanating from two key characteristics. Firstly, enhancement involves investment in common pool resources and can only be sustained under institutional arrangements that allow regulation of use and a flow of benefits to those who bear the costs of enhancement. Secondly, interventions are limited to certain aspects of the life cycle of stocks, and outcomes are strongly dependent on natural conditions beyond management control. Hence management must be adapted to local conditions to be effective, and certain conditions may preclude successful enhancement altogether. Governments have a major role to play in facilitating enhancement initiatives through the establishment of conducive institutional arrangements, appropriate research support, and the management of environmental and other external impacts on and from enhancements.

[1]  P. Doherty.  Recruitment-limitation is the theoretical basis for stock enhancement in marine populations , 1999 .

[2]  R.E.K. Udolisa,et al.  An investigation of brush park fishing in Lagos lagoon, Nigeria , 1993 .

[3]  H. Caswell,et al.  A MATRIX MODEL FOR SHORT‐TERM DYNAMICS OF SEEDED POPULATIONS OF SEA SCALLOPS , 1999 .

[4]  Mo,et al.  The Frankenstein Effect: impact of introduced fishes on native fishes in North America , 1985 .

[5]  J. Schnute,et al.  Influence of Time and Size at Release of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on Returns at Maturity , 1982 .

[6]  R. Quirós,et al.  Factors contributing to the outcome of stocking programmes in Cuban reservoirs , 1999 .

[7]  J. R. Nielsen,et al.  Fisheries co-management: a comparative analysis☆ , 1996 .

[8]  Carl J. Walters,et al.  Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources , 1986 .

[9]  S. Hansson,et al.  Benefits from fish stocking-experiences from stocking young-of-the-year pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca L. to a bay in the Baltic Sea , 1997 .

[10]  F. Berkes.  International Association for the Study of Common Property , 1990, Environmental Conservation.

[11]  G. Carvalho,et al.  Genetic impacts of fish introductions: a perspective on African lakes , 1995 .

[12]  C. Garaway.  Small waterbody fisheries and the potential for community-led enhancement : case studies in Lao PDR , 1999 .

[13]  S. D. Silva,et al.  The fishery of the Ea Kao reservoir, southern Vietnam: a fishery based on a combination of stock and recapture, and self‐recruiting populations , 2000 .

[14]  S. S. Silva,et al.  Possible yield-predictive models based on morphometric characteristics and stocking rates for three groups of Chinese reservoirs , 1992 .

[15]  E. Worby,et al.  Nagashini beel: a case study of the transformation of a common property aquatic resource , 1993 .

[16]  J. Muir,et al.  Salmon , 1987, Springer Netherlands.

[17]  Courtland L. Smith,et al.  Contrasting Views of Coastal Residents and Coastal Coho Restoration Planners , 1997 .

[18]  Drs. James McDaid Kapetsky.  GLOBAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INLAND FISHERY ENHANCEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS , 2022 .

[19]  T. Svåsand,et al.  Restocking of giant clams: progress, problems and potential. , 1999 .

[20]  K. Lorenzen.  Allometry of natural mortality as a basis for assessing optimal release size in fish-stocking programmes , 2000 .

[21]  V. Sugunan.  Reservoir Fisheries of India , 1995 .

[22]  K. Lorenzen,et al.  Assessing culture fisheries practices in small waterbodies: a study of village fisheries in north‐east Thailand , 1998 .

[23]  Fikret Berkes,et al.  Two to tango: The role of government in fisheries co-management , 1997 .

[24]  R. Welcomme.  An evaluation of the acadja method of fishing as practised in the coastal lagoons of Dahomey (West Africa) , 1972 .

[25]  K. Lorenzen,et al.  Developing fisheries enhancements in small waterbodies: lessons from Lao PDR and Northeast Thailand. , 2001 .

[26]  Dennis A. Rondinelli,et al.  Development Projects as Policy Experiments: An Adaptive Approach to Development Administration , 1985 .

[27]  A. Post.  Anwendungsregeln bei der Ansiedlung und Umsiedlung mariner Organismen : der " ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms 1994" , 1996 .

[28]  Paul J. B. Hart,et al.  The Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes , 1995, Chapman & Hall Fish and Fisheries Series.

[29]  D. Loomis,et al.  State Management of Freshwater Fisheries Resources: Its Organizational Structure, Funding, and Programmatic Emphases , 1999 .

[30]  S. D. Silva,et al.  Sri Lankan reservoir fishery: a case for introduction of a co-management strategy , 1999 .

[31]  L. Sifa,et al.  Culture and Capture of Fish in Chinese Reservoirs , 1995 .

[32]  M. Hasan,et al.  Community fisheries management of freshwater lakes in Bangladesh , 1996 .

[33]  S. S. Silva.  Reservoir and culture-based fisheries: biology and management. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand from 15-18 February, 2000. , 2001 .

[34]  K. Lorenzen.  Population dynamics and management of culture-based fisheries , 1995 .

[35]  K. Lorenzen,et al.  Effects of access restrictions and stocking on small water body fisheries in Laos , 1998 .

[36]  K. Lorenzen.  Using population models to assess culture-based fisheries: a brief review with an application to the analysis of stocking experiments. , 2001 .

[37]  S. S. Silva,et al.  A brief review of the status and practices of the reservoir fishery in mainland China , 1991 .

[38]  Louis W. Botsford,et al.  Optimal fishery policy with artificial enhancement through stocking: California's white sturgeon as an example , 1984 .

[39]  K. Lorenzen,et al.  Analysing extensive fish culture systems by transparent population modelling: bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson 1845), culture in a Chinese reservoir. , 1997 .

[40]  R. Welcomme,et al.  Current approaches to the enhancement of fisheries , 1998 .

[41]  K Lorenzen,et al.  How predictable is the outcome of stocking , 1998 .

[42]  Robert S. Pomeroy,et al.  A handbook for rapid appraisal of fisheries management systems (Version 1). , 1996 .

[43]  A. Sreenivasan.  Fish stock enhancement in larger Indo-Pacific inland water bodies using carps and tilapias. , 1989 .

[44]  Evelyn Pinkerton.  Economic and Management Benefits from the Coordination of Capture and Culture Fisheries: The Case of Prince William Sound Pink Salmon , 1994 .

[45]  S. Sena,et al.  Reservoirs of Sri Lanka and their fisheries , 1988 .

[46]  A. Arthington.  Ecological and Genetic Impacts of Introduced and Translocated Freshwater Fishes in Australia , 1991 .

[47]  A. Bowers.  Some considerations for the management of coastal lagoon and estuarine fisheries: J. M. Kapetsky. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 218, 47 pp., Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 1981. ISBN 92-5-101136-2 , 1982 .

[48]  David Feeny,et al.  Making the commons work: theory, practice, and policy , 1995 .

[49]  J. R. Stauffer,et al.  Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes , 1984 .

[50]  D. Bischak,et al.  The Alaska Salmon Enhancement Program: A Cost/Benefit Analysis , 1993, Marine Resource Economics.

[51]  J. Bell,et al.  Enhancement of marine fisheries resources , 1997 .