论文信息 - Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL)

Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL)

The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) set up a working party on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in 2004, with a mandate to develop consensus guidelines on various aspects of ACLF relevant to disease patterns and clinical practice in the Asia-Pacific region. Experts predominantly from the Asia–Pacific region constituted this working party and were requested to identify different issues of ACLF and develop the consensus guidelines. A 2-day meeting of the working party was held on January 22–23, 2008, at New Delhi, India, to discuss and finalize the consensus statements. Only those statements that were unanimously approved by the experts were accepted. These statements were circulated to all the experts and subsequently presented at the Annual Conference of the APASL at Seoul, Korea, in March 2008. The consensus statements along with relevant background information are presented in this review.

[1] J. Bernuau,et al. Fulminant and Subfulminant Liver Failure: Definitions and Causes , 1986, Seminars in liver disease.

[2] A. Gimson,et al. Late onset hepatic failure: Clinical, serological and histological features , 1986, Hepatology.

[3] N. Rolando,et al. Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure: An analysis of fifty patients , 1990, Hepatology.

[4] G. Alexander,et al. Fungal infection: a common, unrecognised complication of acute liver failure. , 1991, Journal of hepatology.

[5] Roger Williams,et al. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes , 1993, The Lancet.

[6] M. Andreu,et al. Risk factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. , 1993, Gastroenterology.

[7] W. Jiménez,et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. , 1993, Gastroenterology.

[8] H. Moriwaki,et al. [Acute-on-chronic liver failure]. , 1995, Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu.

[9] D. Samuel,et al. Liver transplantation for severe acute liver failure after herbal medicine (Teucrium polium) administration. , 1995, Journal of hepatology.

[10] E. Elias,et al. Selection of mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase during therapy of transplant recipients with lamivudine , 1996, Hepatology.

[11] G. O’Keefe,et al. Morbid prognostic features in patients with chronic liver failure undergoing nonhepatic surgery. , 1997, Archives of surgery.

[12] D. Webb,et al. Peripheral vascular tone in patients with cirrhosis: role of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems. , 1998, Cardiovascular research.

[13] H. Tilg,et al. Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[14] J. Bosch,et al. Complications of cirrhosis. I. Portal hypertension. , 2000, Journal of hepatology.

[15] S. Saab,et al. Successful orthotopic liver transplantation for lamivudine-associated YMDD mutant hepatitis B virus. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[16] C. Zauner,et al. Short‐term prognosis in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis: an evaluation of a new scoring system , 2000, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[17] T. Risler,et al. Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis mars: Results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial , 2000, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[18] Roger Williams,et al. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure , 2000, Hepatology.

[19] O. Ciccarelli,et al. Favorable outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with subacute liver failure due to the emergence of a hepatitis B YMDD escape mutant virus. , 2001, Journal of hepatology.

[20] E. Hahn,et al. Short‐term prognosis in critically ill patients with cirrhosis assessed by prognostic scoring systems , 2001, Hepatology.

[21] Roger Williams,et al. Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Pathophysiological Basis of Therapeutic Options , 2002, Blood Purification.

[22] Massimo Malago,et al. Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: A prospective, controlled study , 2002, Hepatology.

[23] K. Reinhart,et al. Prognostic value of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients. , 2002, Chest.

[24] Sheng-Nan Lu,et al. Lamivudine for the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation following chemotherapy for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma , 2002, British journal of haematology.

[25] Rajiv Jalan,et al. The pathophysiological basis of acute-on-chronic liver failure. , 2002, Liver.

[26] S. Hamid,et al. Hepatitis E virus superinfection in patients with chronic liver disease , 2002, Hepatology.

[27] S. Fan,et al. Live-donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure , 2003, Transplantation.

[28] A. Alberti,et al. Hepatitis reactivation and liver failure in haemopoietic stem cell transplants for hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive recipients: a retrospective study by the Italian group for blood and marrow transplantation , 2003, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[29] M. Serra,et al. Risk Factors for Nonhepatic Surgery in Patients with Cirrhosis , 2003, World Journal of Surgery.

[30] S. Mitzner,et al. Economic evaluation and 1‐year survival analysis of MARS in patients with alcoholic liver disease , 2003, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[31] Hong-yu Zhang,et al. Application of Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System to remove NO and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome , 2003, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[32] A. Naso,et al. CYTOCHINES AND LIVER FAILURE: MODIFICATION OF TNF-a AND IL-6 IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ON CHRONIC LIVER DECOMPENSATION TRETED WITH MOLECULAR ADSORBENT RECYCLING SYSTEM (MARS) , 2004 .

[33] R. Bañares,et al. Hepatic and systemic haemodynamic changes after MARS in patients with acute on chronic liver failure , 2003, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[34] Q. Ning,et al. The Fgl2/fibroleukin prothrombinase contributes to immunologically mediated thrombosis in experimental and human viral hepatitis. , 2003, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[35] G. Kang,et al. Hepatitis E superinfection produces severe decompensation in patients with chronic liver disease , 2004, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[36] M. Serra,et al. Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine in human alcoholic cirrhosis. , 2004, Journal of hepatology.

[37] S. Garg,et al. Superimposed acute hepatitis E infection in patients with chronic liver disease. , 2004, Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology.

[38] M. Khuroo,et al. Molecular adsorbent recirculating system for acute and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure: A meta‐analysis , 2004, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[39] Xiao-wei Xu,et al. Effect of artificial liver support system on patients with severe viral hepatitis: a study of four hundred cases. , 2004, World journal of gastroenterology.

[40] Q. Ning,et al. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 fibroleukin expression and its correlation with disease progression in murine hepatitis virus type 3-induced fulminant hepatitis and in patients with severe viral hepatitis B. , 2005, World journal of gastroenterology.

[41] R. D. de Man,et al. Flares in chronic hepatitis B patients induced by the host or the virus? Relation to treatment response during Peg-interferon α-2b therapy , 2005, Gut.

[42] P. Faybik,et al. Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study , 2005, European Surgery.

[43] Kan-Hoe Lee,et al. Outcome from molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS™) liver dialysis following drug‐induced liver failure , 2005, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[44] William M. Lee,et al. AASLD Position Paper: The Management of Acute Liver Failure: Update 2011 , 2011 .

[45] C. Zauner,et al. Outcome prediction for patients with cirrhosis of the liver in a medical ICU: A comparison of the APACHE scores and liver-specific scoringsystems , 1996, Intensive Care Medicine.

[46] Wei Xu,et al. Effects of artificial liver support system on patients with acute or chronic liver failure. , 2005, Transplantation proceedings.

[47] G. Gerken,et al. Removal of Metabolites, Cytokines and Hepatic Growth Factors by Extracorporeal Liver Support in Children , 2005, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[48] S. Bae,et al. Preconditioning by extracorporeal liver support (MARS) of patients with cirrhosis and severe liver failure evaluated for living donor liver transplantation – a pilot study , 2005, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[49] F. Lammert,et al. Patients with acute on chronic liver failure display "sepsis-like" immune paralysis. , 2005, Journal of hepatology.

[50] P. Collinson,et al. Utility of admission cardiac troponin and “Ischemia Modified Albumin” measurements for rapid evaluation and rule out of suspected acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department , 2006, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[51] C. Derancourt,et al. Late lethal hepatitis B virus reactivation after rituximab treatment of low‐grade cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma , 2006, The British journal of dermatology.

[52] Peter Krisper,et al. Effect of extracorporeal liver support by MARS and Prometheus on serum cytokines in acute-on-chronic liver failure , 2006, Critical care.

[53] M. Serra,et al. Accumulation of Symmetric Dimethylarginine in Hepatorenal Syndrome , 2006, Experimental biology and medicine.

[54] F. Nevens,et al. Effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system and Prometheus devices on systemic haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure , 2006, Critical care.

[55] P. Collinson,et al. Ischemia-modified albumin predicts mortality in ESRD. , 2006, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[56] E. Cholongitas,et al. Risk factors, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment and Model for End‐stage Liver Disease scores for predicting short term mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to intensive care unit , 2006, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[57] W. Vogel,et al. Subfulminant hepatitis B after infliximab in Crohn's disease: need for HBV-screening? , 2006, World journal of gastroenterology.

[58] Y. Hiasa,et al. Anti-HBs-positive liver failure due to hepatitis B virus reactivation induced by rituximab. , 2006, Internal medicine.

[59] C. Wai,et al. Long-term results of liver transplant in patients with chronic viral hepatitis-related liver disease in Singapore. , 2006, Singapore medical journal.

[60] D. Thabut,et al. Model for end‐stage liver disease score and systemic inflammatory response are major prognostic factors in patients with cirrhosis and acute functional renal failure , 2007, Hepatology.

[61] K. Madan,et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with cirrhosis is associated with rapid decompensation and death. , 2007, Journal of hepatology.

[62] K. Shiraki,et al. Lamivudine for treatment of spontaneous exacerbation and reactivation after immunosuppressive therapy in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. , 2007, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[63] C. Wai,et al. MARS®: a futile tool in centres without active liver transplant support , 2007, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[64] Tailin Wang,et al. Characteristics of acute and sub‐acute liver failure in China: nomination, classification and interval , 2007, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[65] R. Jalan,et al. Neutrophil dysfunction in alcoholic hepatitis superimposed on cirrhosis is reversible and predicts the outcome , 2007, Hepatology.

[66] Roger Williams,et al. Increasing dimethylarginine levels are associated with adverse clinical outcome in severe alcoholic hepatitis , 2007, Hepatology.

[67] H. Kohrt,et al. Antiviral prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. , 2007, Clinics in liver disease.

[68] M. Hussain,et al. Actin‐free Gc globulin: A rapidly assessed biomarker of organ dysfunction in acute liver failure and cirrhosis , 2007, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[69] Pre-transplant optimization by Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System in patients with severely decompensated chronic liver disease. , 2007, Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology.

[70] A. Lok,et al. Outcomes of patients with hepatitis B who developed antiviral resistance while on the liver transplant waiting list. , 2007, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[71] Roger Williams,et al. Inflammation is an important determinant of levels of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in acute liver failure , 2007, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[72] Ramon Planas,et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. , 2007, Gastroenterology.

[73] E. Masini,et al. ADMA correlates with portal pressure in patients with compensated cirrhosis , 2007, European journal of clinical investigation.

[74] J. Kao,et al. Evolution of hepatitis B serological markers in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[75] C. Chiu,et al. Rituximab-induced hepatitis C virus reactivation after spontaneous remission in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. , 2008, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[76] B. Sharma,et al. Hemodynamic Studies in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure , 2009, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[77] 草野浩治,et al. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure (特集救急診療ガイドライン) -- (海外のガイドライン) , 2008 .

[78] C. Hsiung,et al. A revisit of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy‐associated hepatitis B reactivation in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: A randomized trial , 2008, Hepatology.

[79] M. Kumar,et al. Hepatitis E virus as an etiology of acute exacerbation of previously unrecognized asymptomatic patients with hepatitis B virus‐related chronic liver disease , 2008, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[80] 231 ACUTE ON CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE – ANALYSIS OF TWO DISTINCT LIVER HISTOLOGICAL PATTERNS , 2008 .

[81] William M. Lee,et al. Acute liver failure: Summary of a workshop , 2007, Hepatology.

[82] F. Zoulim,et al. Hepatitis B: reflections on the current approach to antiviral therapy. , 2008, Journal of hepatology.

[83] L. Paitoonpong,et al. Immunological response to hepatitis B vaccination in patients with AIDS and virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy , 2008, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[84] R. Chung,et al. Bacterial, Parasitic, and Fungal Infections of the Liver, Including Liver Abscess , 2010 .