Quick contrast sensitivity measurements in the periphery.

Measuring the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in the periphery of the eye is complicated. The lengthy measurement time precludes all but the most determined subjects. The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate a faster routine based on the quick CSF method (qCSF) but adapted to work in the periphery. Additionally, normative data is presented on neurally limited peripheral CSFs. A peripheral qCSF measurement using 100 trials can be performed in 3 min. The precision and accuracy were tested for three subjects under different conditions (number of trials, peripheral angles, and optical corrections). The precision for estimates of contrast sensitivity at individual spatial frequencies was 0.07 log units when three qCSF measurements of 100 trials each were averaged. Accuracy was estimated by comparing the qCSF results with a more traditional measure of CSF. Average accuracy was 0.08 log units with no systematic error. In the second part of the study, we collected three CSFs of 100 trials for six persons in the 20° nasal, temporal, inferior, and superior visual fields. The measurements were performed in an adaptive optics system running in a continuous closed loop. The Tukey HSD test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between all fields except between the nasal and the temporal fields. Contrast sensitivity was higher in the horizontal fields, and the inferior field was better than the superior. This modified qCSF method decreases the measurement time significantly and allows otherwise unfeasible studies of the peripheral CSF.

[1]  Chris A. Johnson,et al.  Effect of dioptrics on peripheral visual acuity , 1975, Vision Research.

[2]  A. Johnston,et al.  Spatial scaling of central and peripheral contrast-sensitivity functions. , 1987, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[3]  A. Bradley,et al.  Characterization of spatial aliasing and contrast sensitivity in peripheral vision , 1996, Vision Research.

[4]  J. Rovamo,et al.  Cortical magnification factor predicts the photopic contrast sensitivity of peripheral vision , 1978, Nature.

[5]  B Brown,et al.  Resolution thresholds for moving targets at the fovea and in the peripheral retina. , 1972, Vision research.

[6]  Lester C. Loschky,et al.  The contributions of central versus peripheral vision to scene gist recognition. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[7]  C. Curcio,et al.  Topography of ganglion cells in human retina , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[8]  L N Thibos,et al.  Psychophysical Localization of the Human Visual Streak , 1992, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[9]  Robert McCall,et al.  Visual Requirements of Vehicular Guidance , 2009 .

[10]  C. Tyler,et al.  Bayesian adaptive estimation of psychometric slope and threshold , 1999, Vision Research.

[11]  Chris Visscher,et al.  Effects of Limited Peripheral Vision on Shuttle Sprint Performance of Soccer Players , 2005, Perceptual and motor skills.

[12]  J. Wood,et al.  Age and Visual Impairment Decrease Driving Performance as Measured on a Closed-Road Circuit , 2002, Hum. Factors.

[13]  Peter J. Bex,et al.  Clinical Application Of A Novel Contrast Sensitivity Test To A Low Vision Population: The Quick CSF Method , 2012 .

[14]  L. Thibos,et al.  Retinal limits to the detection and resolution of gratings. , 1987, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[15]  Talissa A. Frank,et al.  The Effects of Severe Visual Challenges on Steering Performance in Visually Healthy Young Drivers , 2005, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[16]  Graham K Edgar,et al.  Hemifield Differences in Perceived Spatial Frequency , 1990, Perception.

[17]  D R Williams,et al.  Supernormal vision and high-resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics. , 1997, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[18]  Pablo Artal,et al.  Peripheral optical errors and their change with accommodation differ between emmetropic and myopic eyes. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[19]  Zhong-Lin Lu,et al.  Bayesian adaptive estimation of the contrast sensitivity function: the quick CSF method. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[20]  C. E. Ferree,et al.  REFRACTION FOR THE PERIPHERAL FIELD OF VISION , 1931 .

[21]  R. Rosén,et al.  Sign-dependent sensitivity to peripheral defocus for myopes due to aberrations. , 2012, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[22]  R. Rosén,et al.  Adaptive optics for peripheral vision , 2012 .

[23]  R. Anderson,et al.  Changes in human short-wavelength-sensitive and achromatic resolution acuity with retinal eccentricity and meridian , 2005, Visual Neuroscience.

[24]  Dion H Scott,et al.  Monochromatic aberrations of human eyes in the horizontal visual field. , 2002, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[25]  David R. Williams,et al.  Off-axis optical quality and retinal sampling in the human eye , 1996, Vision Research.

[26]  Jörgen Gustafsson,et al.  Population distribution of wavefront aberrations in the peripheral human eye. , 2009, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[27]  Linda Lundström,et al.  Influence of optical defocus on peripheral vision. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[28]  Annelies Baeck,et al.  Transfer of object learning across distinct visual learning paradigms. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[29]  J. Rovamo,et al.  Visual resolution, contrast sensitivity, and the cortical magnification factor , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[30]  Ankit Mathur,et al.  Visual Performance with Lenses Correcting Peripheral Refractive Errors , 2013, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[31]  L. N. Thibos,et al.  Vision beyond the resolution limit: Aliasing in the periphery , 1987, Vision Research.

[32]  M. Fahle,et al.  Naso-temporal asymmetry of visual perception and of the visual cortex , 1988, Vision Research.

[33]  Larry N Thibos,et al.  Metrics of optical quality derived from wave aberrations predict visual performance. , 2004, Journal of vision.

[34]  A Bradley,et al.  Effects of refractive error on detection acuity and resolution acuity in peripheral vision. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[35]  Miguel Castelo-Branco,et al.  Asymmetry of visual sensory mechanisms: electrophysiological, structural, and psychophysical evidences. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[36]  D. J. Brown,et al.  Peripheral visual acuity. , 1966, Archives of ophthalmology.

[37]  Michael D Crossland,et al.  Preferred retinal locus development in patients with macular disease. , 2005, Ophthalmology.

[38]  Earl L. Smith,et al.  Prentice Award Lecture 2010: A Case for Peripheral Optical Treatment Strategies for Myopia , 2011, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[39]  Mark S. Young,et al.  Human Factors of Visual and Cognitive Performance in Driving , 2010 .

[40]  R S Anderson,et al.  The selective effect of optical defocus on detection and resolution acuity in peripheral vision. , 1996, Current eye research.