Graph-based Generative Face Anonymisation with Pose Preservation

We propose AnonyGAN, a GAN-based solution for face anonymisation which replaces the visual information corresponding to a source identity with a condition identity provided as any single image. With the goal to maintain the geometric attributes of the source face, i.e., the facial pose and expression, and to promote more natural face generation, we propose to exploit a Bipartite Graph to explicitly model the relations between the facial landmarks of the source identity and the ones of the condition identity through a deep model. We further propose a landmark attention model to relax the manual selection of facial landmarks, allowing the network to weight the landmarks for the best visual naturalness and pose preservation. Finally, to facilitate the appearance learning, we propose a hybrid training strategy to address the challenge caused by the lack of direct pixel-level supervision. We evaluate our method and its variants on two public datasets, CelebA and LFW, in terms of visual naturalness, facial pose preservation and of its impacts on face detection and re-identification. We prove that AnonyGAN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of visual naturalness, face detection and pose preservation.

[1]  Frank Lindseth,et al.  DeepPrivacy: A Generative Adversarial Network for Face Anonymization , 2019, ISVC.

[2]  Stefanos Zafeiriou,et al.  300 Faces In-The-Wild Challenge: database and results , 2016, Image Vis. Comput..

[3]  James Philbin,et al.  FaceNet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[4]  Fang Wen,et al.  FaceShifter: Towards High Fidelity And Occlusion Aware Face Swapping , 2019, ArXiv.

[5]  Bernt Schiele,et al.  A Hybrid Model for Identity Obfuscation by Face Replacement , 2018, ECCV.

[6]  Nicu Sebe,et al.  Bipartite Graph Reasoning GANs for Person Image Generation , 2020, BMVC.

[7]  Nicu Sebe,et al.  Cycle In Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks for Keypoint-Guided Image Generation , 2019, ACM Multimedia.

[8]  Erik Learned-Miller,et al.  Labeled Faces in the Wild : Updates and New Reporting Procedures , 2014 .

[9]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild , 2014, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[10]  Frédo Durand,et al.  Synthesizing Images of Humans in Unseen Poses , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[11]  Wenhan Luo,et al.  Liquid Warping GAN: A Unified Framework for Human Motion Imitation, Appearance Transfer and Novel View Synthesis , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[12]  Ismail Elezi,et al.  CIAGAN: Conditional Identity Anonymization Generative Adversarial Networks , 2020, 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[13]  Davis E. King,et al.  Dlib-ml: A Machine Learning Toolkit , 2009, J. Mach. Learn. Res..

[14]  Xinpeng Zhang,et al.  An efficient privacy protection scheme for data security in video surveillance , 2019, J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent..

[15]  Marwan Mattar,et al.  Labeled Faces in the Wild: A Database forStudying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments , 2008 .

[16]  Marc Alexa,et al.  Pixelated image abstraction with integrated user constraints , 2013, Comput. Graph..

[17]  Qilong Wang,et al.  ECA-Net: Efficient Channel Attention for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks , 2019, 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[18]  SimSwap , 2020, Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia.

[19]  Luc Van Gool,et al.  Natural and Effective Obfuscation by Head Inpainting , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[20]  Nicu Sebe,et al.  Deformable GANs for Pose-Based Human Image Generation , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[21]  Timo Aila,et al.  A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[22]  Victor Lempitsky,et al.  Coordinate-Based Texture Inpainting for Pose-Guided Human Image Generation , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[23]  Josephine Sullivan,et al.  One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[24]  Dong Liang,et al.  PCGAN: Partition-Controlled Human Image Generation , 2018, AAAI.

[25]  Miao Yu,et al.  Progressive Pose Attention Transfer for Person Image Generation , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[26]  Alexei A. Efros,et al.  Everybody Dance Now , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[27]  Sepp Hochreiter,et al.  GANs Trained by a Two Time-Scale Update Rule Converge to a Local Nash Equilibrium , 2017, NIPS.

[28]  Jia-Bin Huang,et al.  Guided Image-to-Image Translation With Bi-Directional Feature Transformation , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[29]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, NIPS.

[30]  Lior Wolf,et al.  Live Face De-Identification in Video , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[31]  Björn Ommer,et al.  A Variational U-Net for Conditional Appearance and Shape Generation , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.