Regularized Structured Output Learning with Partial Labels

We consider the problem of learning structured output probabilistic models with training examples having partial labels. Partial label scenarios arise commonly in web applications such as taxonomy (hierarchical) classification, multi-label classification and information extraction from web pages. For example, label information may be available only at the internal node level (not at the leaf level) for some pages in a taxonomy classification problem. In a multi-label classification problem, it may be available only for some of the classes (in each example). Similarly, in a sequence learning problem, we may have label information only for some nodes in the training sequences. Conventionally, marginal likelihood maximization technique has been used to solve these problems. In such a solution unlabeled examples and any side information like expected label distribution (or correlation in a multi-label setting) of the unlabeled part are not used. We solve these problems by incorporating entropy and label distribution or correlation regularizations along with marginal likelihood. Entropy and label distribution regularizations have been used previously in semi-supervised learning with fully unlabeled examples. In this paper we develop probabilistic taxonomy and multi-label classifier models, and provide the ideas needed for expanding their usage to the partial label scenario. Experiments on real-life taxonomy and multilabel learning problems show that significant improvements in accuracy are achieved by incorporating these regularizations, when most of the examples are only partially labeled.