Physiological responses of narwhals to anthropogenic noise: A case study with seismic airguns and vessel traffic in the Arctic

1. Limited polar geographical range, narrowly defined migratory routes, and deep-diving behaviours make narwhals exceptionally vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances including oceanic noise. Although behavioural studies indicate marked responses of cetaceans to disturbance, the link between fear reactions and possible injury from noise exposure is limited for most species. 2. To address this, we deployed custom- made heart rate- accelerometer

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