Origins of myelodysplastic syndromes after aplastic anemia.

To the editor: The course of aplastic anemia (AA) is often complicated by the development of clonal disorders such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes (sMDS).[1][1][⇓][2][⇓][3][⇓][4]-[5][5] Identification of patients at risk for development of

[1]  S. Miyano,et al.  Dynamics of clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes , 2016, Nature Genetics.

[2]  C. H. Bartlett,et al.  Somatic Mutations and Clonal Hematopoiesis in Aplastic Anemia. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  M. Heuser,et al.  Genetic characterization of acquired aplastic anemia by targeted sequencing , 2014, Haematologica.

[4]  G. Abel,et al.  Low frequency clonal mutations recoverable by deep sequencing in patients with aplastic anemia , 2013, Leukemia.

[5]  S. Ogawa,et al.  Frequent loss of HLA alleles associated with copy number-neutral 6pLOH in acquired aplastic anemia. , 2011, Blood.

[6]  A. Jankowska,et al.  Mutations of an E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl but not TET2 mutations are pathogenic in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. , 2010, Blood.

[7]  C. O'keefe,et al.  Application of array‐based whole genome scanning technologies as a cytogenetic tool in haematological malignancies , 2009, British journal of haematology.

[8]  C. O'keefe,et al.  Chromosomal lesions and uniparental disomy detected by SNP arrays in MDS, MDS/MPD, and MDS-derived AML. , 2008, Blood.

[9]  N. Young,et al.  Distinct clinical outcomes for cytogenetic abnormalities evolving from aplastic anemia. , 2002, Blood.

[10]  N. Young,et al.  Relationship between bone marrow failure syndromes and the presence of glycophosphatidyl inositol‐anchored protein‐deficient clones , 2001, British journal of haematology.

[11]  N. Young,et al.  Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Cells in Patients with Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[12]  A. Tichelli,et al.  Malignant tumors occurring after treatment of aplastic anemia. European Bone Marrow Transplantation-Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.