Aging, Persistent Viral Infections, and Immunosenescence: Can Exercise "Make Space"?

Overcrowding the immune space with excess clones of viral-specific T cells causes the naïve T-cell repertoire to shrink, which increases infection susceptibility to novel pathogens. Physical exercise preferentially mobilizes senescent T cells from the peripheral tissues into the blood, which might facilitate their subsequent apoptosis and create "vacant space" for newly functional T cells to occupy and expand the naïve T-cell repertoire.

[1]  J. Black,et al.  Apoptosis Does not Contribute to the Blood Lymphocytopenia Observed After Intensive and Downhill Treadmill Running in Humans , 2007, Research in sports medicine.

[2]  R. Kiessling,et al.  Preferential Cell Death of CD8+ Effector Memory (CCR7−CD45RA−) T Cells by Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress 1 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[3]  R. Simpson,et al.  Coupling Aging Immunity with a Sedentary Lifestyle: Has the Damage Already Been Done? – A Mini-Review , 2009, Gerontology.

[4]  F. Mooren,et al.  Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms , 2008, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[5]  G. Pawelec,et al.  Role of persistent CMV infection in configuring T cell immunity in the elderly , 2007, Immunity & Ageing.

[6]  J. Wang,et al.  Systemic hypoxia promotes lymphocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress during moderate exercise , 2009, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[7]  M. Salmon,et al.  Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that re-express CD45RA are apoptosis-resistant memory cells that retain replicative potential. , 2002, Blood.

[8]  V. Burns,et al.  Mobilization of γδ T lymphocytes in response to psychological stress, exercise, and β-agonist infusion , 2009, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[9]  R. Jacobson,et al.  Immunosenescence: role and measurement in influenza vaccine response among the elderly. , 2007, Vaccine.

[10]  F. Mooren,et al.  Exercise affects tissue lymphocyte apoptosis via redox-sensitive and Fas-dependent signaling pathways. , 2009, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[11]  G. Pawelec,et al.  Senescence of the human immune system. , 2010, Journal of comparative pathology.

[12]  C. Bokemeyer,et al.  Acute psychological stress alerts the adaptive immune response: Stress-induced mobilization of effector T cells , 2006, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[13]  R. Simpson,et al.  The effects of intensive, moderate and downhill treadmill running on human blood lymphocytes expressing the adhesion/activation molecules CD54 (ICAM-1), CD18 (β2 integrin) and CD53 , 2006, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[14]  J. Quadrilatero,et al.  Treadmill exercise in mice increases intestinal lymphocyte loss via apoptosis. , 2003, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[15]  F. Sallusto,et al.  Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions , 1999, Nature.

[16]  A. Chuturgoon,et al.  High intensity exercise: a cause of lymphocyte apoptosis? , 1998, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[17]  A. Kourtis,et al.  Expression of Killer Cell Lectin-Like Receptor G1 on Antigen-Specific Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes during Active, Latent, and Resolved Infection and its Relation with CD57 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[18]  M. Drayson,et al.  Latent Cytomegalovirus infection amplifies CD8 T-lymphocyte mobilisation and egress in response to exercise , 2010, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[19]  D. Voehringer,et al.  Age-associated accumulation of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells expressing the inhibitory killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) , 2003, Experimental Gerontology.

[20]  R. Würzner,et al.  Thymectomy in early childhood: significant alterations of the CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) T cell compartment in later life. , 2009, Clinical immunology.

[21]  G. Pawelec,et al.  Impact of CMV and EBV seropositivity on CD8 T lymphocytes in an old population from West-Sicily , 2007, Experimental Gerontology.

[22]  C. Ottaway,et al.  A method for the quantitative analysis of lymphoid cell migration experiments , 1981 .

[23]  N. Shinomiya,et al.  Analysis of the susceptibility of CD57+ T cells to CD3‐mediated apoptosis , 2005, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[24]  Stoyan Dimitrov,et al.  Cortisol and epinephrine control opposing circadian rhythms in T cell subsets. , 2009, Blood.

[25]  Richard J Simpson,et al.  Senescent phenotypes and telomere lengths of peripheral blood T-cells mobilized by acute exercise in humans. , 2010, Exercise immunology review.

[26]  C. Franceschi,et al.  Cytomegalovirus Infection , 2007, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[27]  Keith Guy,et al.  High-intensity exercise elicits the mobilization of senescent T lymphocytes into the peripheral blood compartment in human subjects. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[28]  Nitin J. Karandikar,et al.  Expression of CD57 defines replicative senescence and antigen-induced apoptotic death of CD8+ T cells. , 2003, Blood.

[29]  H. Pircher,et al.  Senescent T-lymphocytes are mobilised into the peripheral blood compartment in young and older humans after exhaustive exercise , 2008, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[30]  L. Lefrançois,et al.  Preferential Localization of Effector Memory Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue , 2001, Science.

[31]  T. Fry,et al.  The Many Faces of IL-7: From Lymphopoiesis to Peripheral T Cell Maintenance , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[32]  V. Burns,et al.  Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype , 2009, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[33]  R. Effros,et al.  Resistance to apoptosis in human CD8+ T cells that reach replicative senescence after multiple rounds of antigen-specific proliferation☆ , 1999, Experimental Gerontology.