Chemically selective optode membranes and optical detection modes

The principle of optodes has been shown to be efficient. Optodes are based on conventional ion-selective liquid membranes coupled with an indicator as an optical transducing agent. Calcium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium were assayed in real samples as well as the biological relevant trace elements zinc and lead in aqueous solutions. However, some kind of drawbacks were observed which can be eliminated by an improved optical measuring technique. A considerable gain in sensitivity of the optical measurements is achieved for clinical analysis of total potassium concentrations in plasma by the evanescent wave technique (ATR). For the sodium optode the analytical error is shifted towards the allowable range. Furthermore, the adsorption of biological sample components at the surface of the PVC- membrane does not influence the optical signal.

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