Ammonia Gas Sensing Behavior of Tanninsulfonic Acid Doped Polyaniline-TiO2 Composite

A highly active tannin doped polyaniline-TiO2 composite ammonia gas sensor was developed and the mechanism behind the gas sensing activity was reported for the first time. A tanninsulfonic acid doped polyaniline (TANIPANI)-titanium dioxide nanocomposite was synthesized by an in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of tanninsulfonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were utilized to determine the incorporation of TiO2 in TANIPANI matrix. UV-Visible and infrared spectroscopy studies provided information about the electronic interactions among tannin, polyaniline, and TiO2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface analysis techniques were used to investigate the metal oxide dispersions inside polyaniline matrix. Gas sensors were prepared by spin coating solutions of TANIPANI-TiO2 and TANIPANI composites onto glass slides. Sensors were tested at three different concentrations (20 ppm, 40 ppm, and 60 ppm) of ammonia gas at ambient temperature conditions by measuring the changes in surface resistivity of the films with respect to time. Ammonia gas sensing plots are presented showing the response values, response times and recovery times. The TANIPANI-TiO2 composite exhibited better response and shorter recovery times when compared to TANIPANI control and other polyaniline composites that have been reported in the literature. For the first time a proposed mechanism of gas sensing basing on the polaron band localization and its effects on the gas sensing behavior of polyaniline are reported.

[1]  A. Epstein,et al.  Studies on the Chemical Syntheses and on the Characteristics of Polyaniline Derivatives , 1995 .

[2]  J. Coey,et al.  Dynamic response of ammonia sensors constructed from polyaniline nanofibre films with varying morphology , 2012 .

[3]  Synthesis and characterization of tanninsulfonic acid doped polyaniline–metal oxide nanocomposites , 2012 .

[4]  蒋亚东,et al.  聚苯胺/无机氧化物纳米复合薄膜的制备、表征及氨气敏比较研究Preparation, Characterization and comparative NH3-sensing characteristic studies of PANI/inorganic oxides nanocomposite thin films , 2010 .

[5]  Yixiang Duan,et al.  Development of a polyaniline-based optical ammonia sensor , 2001 .

[6]  Nguyen Duc Thien,et al.  Effect of TiO2 on the Gas Sensing Features of TiO2/PANi Nanocomposites , 2011, Sensors.

[7]  Dinesh K. Aswal,et al.  Preparation of nanofibrous polyaniline films and their application as ammonia gas sensor , 2007 .

[8]  Xiangyou Wang,et al.  A Novel Immunosensor Based on Au Nanoparticles and Polyaniline/Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes/Chitosan Nanocomposite Film Functionalized Interface , 2013 .

[9]  J. Lee,et al.  PROGRESS IN PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS OF POLYANILINE , 2009 .

[10]  G. Ćirić-Marjanović,et al.  Recent advances in polyaniline research: Polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications , 2013 .

[11]  S. L. Patil,et al.  New Method for Fabrication of CSA Doped PANi- ${\rm TiO}_{2}$ Thin-Film Ammonia Sensor , 2011, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[12]  S. Bourdo,et al.  Photovoltaic device performance of single-walled carbon nanotube and polyaniline films on n-Si: device structure analysis. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[13]  Vasant Chabukswar,et al.  Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor , 2001 .

[14]  A. L. Harmer,et al.  Environmental Monitoring , 2018, Nano-Tera.ch.

[15]  Jinhuai Liu,et al.  Preparation of gold/polyaniline/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites and application in ammonia gas detection , 2008 .

[16]  C. Baratto,et al.  Metal oxide nanocrystals for gas sensing , 2004, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 2004..

[17]  Yang Li,et al.  Gas sensing properties of layer-by-layer self-assembled ultrathin film of polyaniline/titanium dioxide , 2012 .

[18]  Zhi Yang,et al.  Reduced graphene oxide–polyaniline hybrid: Preparation, characterization and its applications for ammonia gas sensing , 2012 .

[19]  S. L. Patil,et al.  Room Temperature Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Polyaniline-TiO$_{2}$ Nanocomposite , 2011, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[20]  Feng Li,et al.  Amorphous TiO2 nanotube arrays for low-temperature oxygen sensors , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[21]  A. Méhauté,et al.  Industrial applications of polyaniline , 1999 .

[22]  Ching-Liang Dai,et al.  Manufacture of a Polyaniline Nanofiber Ammonia Sensor Integrated with a Readout Circuit Using the CMOS-MEMS Technique , 2009, Sensors.

[23]  Junsheng Yu,et al.  Fabrication and gas sensitivity of polyaniline–titanium dioxide nanocomposite thin film , 2007 .

[24]  Russell Binions,et al.  Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Gas Sensors in Environmental Monitoring , 2010, Sensors.

[25]  Abdelaziz Rahy,et al.  Synthesis of highly conductive polyaniline nanofibers , 2008 .

[26]  Yulin Deng,et al.  Ultrasensitive NH3 Gas Sensor from Polyaniline Nanograin Enchased TiO2 Fibers , 2010 .

[27]  B. H. Weiller,et al.  Hydrogen Detection by Polyaniline Nanofibers on Gold and Platinum Electrodes , 2009 .

[28]  Brian C. Berry,et al.  Separation and spectroscopic/molecular weight analysis of crude and purified polyaniline(s) , 2013, Journal of Polymer Research.

[29]  Sumit Kumar,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 doped polyaniline composites for hydrogen gas sensing , 2011 .

[30]  E. Suh,et al.  TiO2 thin film gas sensor for monitoring ammonia , 2007 .

[31]  Brian C. Berry,et al.  Use of tanninsulfonic acid in the synthesis of water‐dispersible polyaniline , 2007 .

[32]  Yulin Deng,et al.  Fabrication of polyaniline/titanium dioxide composite nanofibers for gas sensing application , 2011 .

[33]  V. B. Patil,et al.  Development of nanostructured polyaniline–titanium dioxide gas sensors for ammonia recognition , 2012 .

[34]  O. Dimitriev.  Doping of Polyaniline by Transition-Metal Salts , 2004 .

[35]  Junsheng Yu,et al.  Self-assembly of TiO2/polypyrrole nanocomposite ultrathin films and application for an NH3 gas sensor , 2007 .

[36]  Junsheng Yu,et al.  Influence of polymerization temperature on NH3 response of PANI/TiO2 thin film gas sensor , 2008 .

[37]  G. Ćirić-Marjanović.  Recent advances in polyaniline composites with metals, metalloids and nonmetals , 2013 .

[38]  Hongzheng Chen,et al.  Preparation of polyaniline–TiO2 composite film with in situ polymerization approach and its gas-sensitivity at room temperature , 2006 .

[39]  S. Bourdo,et al.  Optimization of the Protonation Level of Polyaniline‐Based Hole‐Transport Layers in Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells , 2013 .

[40]  Hua Bai,et al.  Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers , 2007, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).

[41]  Yaming Wang,et al.  Polyaniline–TiO2 nano-composite-based trimethylamine QCM sensor and its thermal behavior studies , 2008 .

[42]  B D Malhotra,et al.  Recent advances in polyaniline based biosensors. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[43]  Gordon G. Wallace,et al.  Fabrication of an ammonia gas sensor using inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticles , 2008 .

[44]  Richard B. Kaner,et al.  Polyaniline Nanofiber Gas Sensors: Examination of Response Mechanisms , 2004 .

[45]  Umakant M. Patil,et al.  Room temperature liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor based on p-polyaniline/n-TiO2 heterojunction , 2008 .