Review of FD-TD numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering and radar cross section

Applications of the finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method for numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with structures are reviewed, concentrating on scattering and radar cross section (RCS). A number of two- and three-dimensional examples of FD-TD modeling of scattering and penetration are provided. The objects modeled range in nature from simple geometric shapes to extremely complex aerospace and biological systems. Rigorous analytical or experimental validations are provided for the canonical shapes, and it is shown that FD-TD predictive data for near fields and RCS are in excellent agreement with the benchmark data. It is concluded that, with continuing advances in FD-TD modeling theory for target features relevant to the RCS problem, and with continuing advances in vector and concurrent supercomputer technology, it is likely that FD-TD numerical modeling will occupy an important place in RCS technology in the 1990s and beyond. >

[1]  K. Yee.  Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media , 1966 .

[2]  A. Taflove,et al.  Numerical Solution of Steady-State Electromagnetic Scattering Problems Using the Time-Dependent Maxwell's Equations , 1975 .

[3]  A. Taflove,et al.  Computation of the Electromagnetic Fields and Induced Temperatures Within a Model of the Microwave-Irradiated Human Eye , 1975 .

[4]  A. Majda,et al.  Absorbing boundary conditions for the numerical simulation of waves , 1977 .

[5]  R. Holland.  THREDE: A Free-Field EMP Coupling and Scattering Code , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[6]  D. Wilton,et al.  Incorporation of edge conditions in moment method solutions , 1977 .

[7]  Karl Kunz,et al.  A Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Solution of the External Response of an Aircraft to a Complex Transient EM Environment: Part I-The Method and Its Implementation , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[8]  A. Bayliss,et al.  Radiation boundary conditions for wave-like equations , 1980 .

[9]  C. Morawetz,et al.  Solving the Helmholtz Equation for Exterior Problems with Variable Index of Refraction , 1980 .

[10]  Allen Taflove,et al.  Application of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method to Sinusoidal Steady-State Electromagnetic-Penetration Problems , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[11]  D. Merewether,et al.  On Implementing a Numeric Huygen's Source Scheme in a Finite Difference Program to Illuminate Scattering Bodies , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[12]  G. Mur.  Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Finite-Difference Approximation of the Time-Domain Electromagnetic-Field Equations , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[13]  Allen Taflove,et al.  A hybrid moment method/finite-difference time-domain approach to electromagnetic coupling and aperture penetration into complex geometries , 1982 .

[14]  Allen Taflove,et al.  A Novel Method to Analyze Electromagnetic Scattering of Complex Objects , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[15]  Gregory A. Kriegsmann,et al.  Exploiting the limiting amplitude principle to numerically solve scattering problems , 1982 .

[16]  A. Taflove,et al.  Radar Cross Section of General Three-Dimensional Scatterers , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[17]  Allen Taflove,et al.  Validation of FD-TD modeling of the radar cross section of three-dimensional structures spanning up to nine wavelengths , 1985 .

[18]  Om P. Gandhi,et al.  Use of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method in Calculating EM Absorption in Human Tissues , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[19]  A. Taflove,et al.  Calculation and experimental validation of induced currents on coupled wires in an arbitrary shaped cavity , 1987 .

[20]  Om P. Gandhi,et al.  Comparison of the FFT Conjugate Gradient Method and the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for the 2-D Absorption Problem , 1987 .

[21]  G. Kriegsmann,et al.  A comparative study of absorbing boundary conditions , 1988 .

[22]  K. Mei,et al.  A super-absorbing boundary algorithm for solving electromagnetic problems by time-domain finite-difference method , 1988, 1988 IEEE AP-S. International Symposium, Antennas and Propagation.

[23]  Richard W. Ziolkowski,et al.  Numerical solution of Maxwell's equations in the time domain using irregular nonorthogonal grids , 1988 .

[24]  A. Taflove,et al.  Use of the finite-difference time-domain method for calculating EM absorption in man models , 1988, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[25]  W. F. Hall,et al.  A time-domain differential solver for electromagnetic scattering problems , 1989 .

[26]  B. Beker,et al.  Numerical analysis and validation of the combined field surface integral equations for electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary shaped two-dimensional anisotropic objects , 1989 .

[27]  Allen Taflove,et al.  A study of wave interactions with flanged waveguides and cavities using the on-surface radiation condition method , 1989 .

[28]  J. Dicello,et al.  Three dimensional finite difference frequency domain scattering computation using the Control Region Approximation , 1989 .

[29]  M. Fusco,et al.  FDTD algorithm in curvilinear coordinates (EM scattering) , 1990 .