Female labour force projections using microsimulation for six EU countries

We project medium to long term trends in labour force participation and employment for selected low-participation EU countries (Italy, Spain, Ireland, Hungary and Greece), with Sweden as a benchmark, by means of a dynamic microsimulation model. By 2020, only Sweden will be above the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment rate, though Ireland will be close; the target will be approached by all other countries only at the end of the simulation period at 2050, with the exception of Hungary. Our forecasts, that fully take into account the uncertainty coming from the estimation of all the processes in the microsimulation, significantly depart from the official projections of the European Commission for two of the six countries under analysis.

[1]  Glenda Lawrence,et al.  Strategy for equality between women and men 2010-2015 , 2014 .

[2]  A. Comas-Herrera,et al.  Making projections of long-term care: examples and methodological issues , 2003 .

[3]  C. Pronzato Return to work after childbirth: does parental leave matter in Europe? , 2009 .

[4]  O. Thévenon,et al.  Family policies in OECD countries: a comparative analysis. , 2011, Population and development review.

[5]  Daniela Vuri,et al.  The Mismatch between Employment and Child Care in Italy : the Impact of Rationing 1 , 2 , 2006 .

[6]  D. Blau Child Care Problem: An Economic Analysis , 2001 .

[7]  M. Francesconi,et al.  Labour Market Participation of Women and Fertility: the Effect of Social Policies , 2014 .

[8]  S. Galiani,et al.  The effect of a large expansion of pre-primary school facilities on preschool attendance and maternal employment , 2004 .

[9]  J. Dagsvik,et al.  Labor Supply Responses and Welfare Effects of Tax Reforms , 1995 .

[10]  K. Mavromaras,et al.  Male-Female Labour Market Participation and Wage Differentials in Greece , 2002 .

[11]  John C. Ham,et al.  Unemployment and Female Labour Supply , 1987 .

[12]  Philippe Beutels,et al.  Accounting for Methodological, Structural, and Parameter Uncertainty in Decision-Analytic Models , 2011, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[13]  A. Nyberg Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now , 2014 .

[14]  D. Boca,et al.  Social policies, labour markets and motherhood : a comparative analysis of European countries , 2008 .

[15]  Monique Newiak,et al.  Fair Play::More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Force Participation , 2015 .

[16]  D. Boca The Effect of Child Care and Part Time Opportunities on Participation and Fertility Decisions in Italy , 2002 .

[17]  John Creedy,et al.  Confidence Intervals for Policy Reforms in Behavioural Tax Microsimulation Modelling , 2007 .

[18]  M. Ibáñez Fertility, Female Participation in Employment and Reconciliation Policies in Spain , 2010 .

[19]  Matteo Richiardi,et al.  Imputing Individual Effects in Dynamic Microsimulation Models. An application to household formation and labour market participation in Italy , 2013 .

[20]  Katharine G. Abraham,et al.  Explaining the Decline in the U.S. Employment-to-Population Ratio: A Review of the Evidence , 2018 .

[21]  Roberto Leombruni,et al.  LABORsim: An Agent-Based Microsimulation of Labour Supply – An Application to Italy , 2006 .

[22]  Matteo G. Richiardi,et al.  Understanding low female labour force participation: Policy evaluation using microsimulation , 2018 .

[23]  N. Lelong,et al.  Returning to Work after Childbirth in France, Italy, and Spain , 1999 .

[24]  Holly Sutherland,et al.  EUROMOD: the European Union tax-benefit microsimulation model , 2012 .

[25]  Jinjing Li,et al.  A survey of dynamic microsimulation models: uses, model structure and methodology , 2012 .

[26]  Michael T. Owyang,et al.  Changing trends in the labor force: a survey , 2008 .

[27]  O. Attanasio,et al.  Explaining Changes in Female Labor Supply in a Life-Cycle Model , 2008 .

[28]  P. Beaudry,et al.  Evolution of the Female Labour Force Participation Rate in Canada, 1976-1994 , 1999 .

[29]  Gillian Paull Children and Women's Hours of Work , 2008 .

[30]  W. S. Robinson,et al.  Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. , 1950, International journal of epidemiology.

[31]  P. Conroy,et al.  Ireland in Crisis 2008-2012: women, austerity and inequality , 2013 .

[32]  K. Bosch,et al.  Testing the Statistical Significance of Microsimulation Results: A Plea , 2012 .

[33]  J. Mencher Where Did All The Men Go?: Female-headed/female-supported Households In Cross-cultural Perspective , 1993 .

[34]  Ana E. Lamo,et al.  European women: why do(n’t) they work? , 2005 .

[35]  Cristina Borra Childcare cost and Spanish mother's labour force participation , 2008 .

[36]  Jean-Michel Pasteels,et al.  Projections of Economically Active Population A Review of National and International Methodologies , 2011 .

[37]  Yalçın Özkan,et al.  Trajectories of female employment in the Mediterranean , 2012 .

[38]  K. Gilchrist,et al.  Maternity and paternity at work: Law and practice across the world , 2014 .

[39]  M. Bratti,et al.  New Mothers' Labour Force Participation in Italy: The Role of Job Characteristics , 2004, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[40]  Carlo D’Ippoliti,et al.  Women's employment: Joining explanations based on individual characteristics and on contextual factors , 2011 .

[41]  D. Boca Mothers, fathers and children after divorce: The role of institutions , 2003 .

[42]  Arthur van Soest,et al.  Structural models of family labor supply: a discrete choice approach. , 1995 .

[43]  Holly Sutherland,et al.  Microsimulation Modelling for Policy Analysis: Challenges and Innovations , 2000 .

[44]  F. Billari,et al.  The Emergence of Lowest‐Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s , 2002 .