Effect of barium-coated halloysite nanotube addition on the cytocompatibility, mechanical and contrast properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) cement

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated as a platform for tunable nanoparticle composition and enhanced opacity in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement. Halloysite has been widely used to increase the mechanical properties of various polymer matrices, in stark contrast to other fillers such as barium sulfate that provide opacity but also decrease mechanical strength. The present work describes a dry deposition method for successively fabricating barium sulfate nanoparticles onto the exterior surface of HNTs. A sintering process was used to coat the HNTs in barium sulfate. Barium sulfate-coated HNTs were then added to PMMA bone cement and the samples were tested for mechanical strength and tailored opacity correlated with the fabrication ratio and the amount of barium sulfate-coated HNTs added. The potential cytotoxic effect of barium-coated HNTs in PMMA cement was also tested on osteosarcoma cells. Barium-coated HNTs were found to be completely cytocompatible, and cell proliferation was not inhibited after exposure to the barium-coated HNTs embedded in PMMA cement. We demonstrate a simple method for the creation of barium-coated nanoparticles that imparted improved contrast and material properties to native PMMA. An easy and efficient method for coating clay nanotubes offers the potential for enhanced imaging by radiologists or orthopedic surgeons.

[1]  G. Lewis.  Properties of nanofiller-loaded poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cement composites for orthopedic applications: a review. , 2017, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[2]  David K. Mills,et al.  Dry Sintered Metal Coating of Halloysite Nanotubes , 2016 .

[3]  K. Saleh,et al.  Acrylic bone cement in total joint arthroplasty: A review , 2016, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[4]  C. Boyer,et al.  Drug Coated Clay Nanoparticles for Delivery of Chemotherapeutics , 2016 .

[5]  D. Mills,et al.  Nanoenhanced hydrogel system with sustained release capabilities. , 2015, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[6]  F. Cui,et al.  Mechanical Properties and Cytocompatibility Improvement of Vertebroplasty PMMA Bone Cements by Incorporating Mineralized Collagen , 2015, Materials.

[7]  N. D'Accorso,et al.  Acrylic bone cements: the role of nanotechnology in improving osteointegration and tunable mechanical properties. , 2014, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[8]  J. Parvizi,et al.  Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today--has anything changed after 10 years? , 2014, The Journal of arthroplasty.

[9]  Zhaotong Meng,et al.  Effect of additive particles on mechanical, thermal, and cell functioning properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) cement , 2014, International journal of nanomedicine.

[10]  J. Weisman.  Nanotechnology and additive manufacturing platforms for clinical medicine: An investigation of 3D printing bioactive constructs and halloysite nanotubes for drug delivery and biomaterials , 2014 .

[11]  Haiyong Ao,et al.  Quaternised chitosan-loaded polymethylmethacrylate bone cement: Biomechanical and histological evaluations , 2013 .

[12]  Y. Lvov,et al.  Functional polymer–clay nanotube composites with sustained release of chemical agents , 2013 .

[13]  T. Maluta,et al.  Acrylic bone cement: current concept review , 2013, MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY.

[14]  Jaime Gonzalez,et al.  Characterisation and Processing of Reinforced PA 6 with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) for Injection Molding , 2013 .

[15]  S. Tarantini,et al.  Material Mismatch Effect on the Fracture of a Bone-Composite Cement Interface. , 2012, Advances in materials science and applications.

[16]  A. Hollister,et al.  Clay Nanotube/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Bone Cement Composites with Sustained Antibiotic Release , 2012 .

[17]  Seyed Mojtaba Zebarjad,et al.  A Study on Mechanical Properties of PMMA/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite , 2011 .

[18]  J. Cauich‐Rodríguez,et al.  Combined Influence of Barium Sulfate Content and Co-monomer Concentration on Properties of PMMA Bone Cements for Vertebroplasty , 2011, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[19]  D. Bhongsuwan,et al.  Characterization of halloysite from Thung Yai District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, in Southern Thailand , 2011 .

[20]  Y. Nien,et al.  The mechanical study of acrylic bone cement reinforced with carbon nanotube , 2010 .

[21]  G. Gonzalez,et al.  Comparison Between Different Syntesis Methods of PMMA/HA Using Ultrasonic Radiation , 2010 .

[22]  Ross W. Ormsby,et al.  Incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes to acrylic based bone cements: effects on mechanical and thermal properties. , 2010, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[23]  T. Webster,et al.  Nanofunctionalized zirconia and barium sulfate particles as bone cement additives , 2009, International journal of nanomedicine.

[24]  R. Hong,et al.  Preparation and properties investigation of PMMA/silica composites derived from silicic acid , 2009 .

[25]  Yu-Ming Lin,et al.  Preparation of transparent silica-PMMA nanocomposite hard coatings , 2008 .

[26]  B. Guo,et al.  Natural inorganic nanotubes reinforced epoxy resin nanocomposites , 2008 .

[27]  H. Möhwald,et al.  Halloysite clay nanotubes for controlled release of protective agents. , 2008, ACS nano.

[28]  K. Kikuta,et al.  Relationship between apatite-forming ability and mechanical properties of bioactive PMMA-based bone cement modified with calcium salts and alkoxysilane , 2008, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[29]  T. Webster,et al.  The influence of nano MgO and BaSO4 particle size additives on properties of PMMA bone cement , 2008, International journal of nanomedicine.

[30]  J. Jang,et al.  Antibacterial properties of novel poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofiber containing silver nanoparticles. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[31]  M. Viceconti,et al.  Fracture properties of an acrylic bone cement. , 2008, Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics.

[32]  Nalinkanth G. Veerabadran,et al.  CLAY NANOTUBES FOR ENCAPSULATION AND SUSTAINED RELEASE OF DRUGS , 2007 .

[33]  Sung Soo Kim,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Bone Cements Incorporated with Montmorillonite , 2007, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[34]  J. Hentz,et al.  Vertebral Endplate Fractures: An Indicator of the Abnormal Forces Generated in the Spine After Vertebroplasty , 2006, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[35]  L. Lidgren,et al.  Acrylic bone cements: clinical developments and current status: Scandinavia. , 2005, The Orthopedic clinics of North America.

[36]  S. Breusch,et al.  [Bone cements based on polymethylmethacrylate]. , 2003, Der Orthopade.

[37]  F. Dimaio.  The science of bone cement: a historical review. , 2002, Orthopedics.

[38]  F. Grados,et al.  Long-term observations of vertebral osteoporotic fractures treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty. , 2009, Rheumatology.

[39]  Bonamali Pal,et al.  Preparation of iron oxide thin film by metal organic deposition from Fe(III)-acetylacetonate: a study of photocatalytic properties , 2000 .

[40]  F. Grados,et al.  Long‐term observations of vertebral osteoporotic fractures treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty , 2000 .

[41]  J. M. Barrales-rienda,et al.  Validation and in vitro characterization of antibiotic-loaded bone cement release. , 2000, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[42]  G. Lewis,et al.  Properties of acrylic bone cement: state of the art review. , 1997, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[43]  M. Gallinaro,et al.  Bone-cement interface: a histological study of aseptic loosening in twelve prosthetic implants. , 1986, Italian journal of orthopaedics and traumatology.

[44]  G. Marshall,et al.  Mechanical strength of acrylic bone cements impregnated with antibiotics. , 1976, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[45]  J CHARNLEY,et al.  Anchorage of the femoral head prosthesis to the shaft of the femur. , 1960, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[46]  W. Hickam,et al.  Thermal Decomposition of Metal Acetylacetonates: Mass Spectrometer Studies , 1958 .