Sounds and sound production in fishes

The main information on the sounds and sound production in fishes is reviewed. The present systems of sound classification and specialized sound production in fishes with different taxonomic positions and ecology are described. The anatomy of sound generating organs is analyzed, and the mechanisms of production of different types of sounds (stridulation, drumming, cavitation, and percussion, as well as hydrodynamic, pneumatic, stringed, and respiratory sounds) are discussed. A brief characterization of the acoustic parameters of different sound types is given. Recent data on the anatomy and morphology of the sonic muscles (including their innervation, physiology, sexual dimorphism, and seasonal changes) are reviewed. The dynamics of the development of sound generating organs are described, and their capacity for sound production in the ontogeny of fishes is followed.

[1]  Lynne R. Parenti,et al.  Chapter 16 – Phylogenetic Significance of the Pectoral-Pelvic Fin Association in Acanthomorph Fishes: A Reassessment Using Comparative Neuroanatomy , 1996 .

[2]  H. Schneider.  Neuere Ergebnisse der Lautforschung bei Fischen , 2004, Naturwissenschaften.

[3]  J. Marshall,et al.  The Sound-Producing Mechanism of the Croaking Gourami, Trichopsis vittatus (Pisces, Belontiidae) , 1976, Physiological Zoology.

[4]  Wilfred Templeman,et al.  Variation with Fish Length, Sex, Stage of Sexual Maturity, and Season in the Appearance and Volume of the Drumming Muscles of the Swim-Bladder in the Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) , 1958 .

[5]  Gerhard von der Emde,et al.  The Senses of Fish , 2004, Springer Netherlands.

[6]  F. Ladich.  Acoustic communication and the evolution of hearing in fishes. , 2000, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[7]  F. Ladich,et al.  INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN AGONISTIC VOCALIZATION IN CROAKING GOURAMIS (GENUS: TRICHOPSIS, ANABANTOIDEI, TELEOSTEI) , 1992 .

[8]  Friedrich Ladich,et al.  Sonic / Vocal Motor Pathways in Catfishes: Comparisons with Other Teleosts , 1998, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[9]  H. C. Tracy,et al.  Stages in the development of the anatomy of motility of the toadfish (Opsanus tau) , 1959 .

[10]  J. Lagardère,et al.  Spawning sounds in meagre Argyrosomus regius recorded in the Gironde estuary, France , 2006 .

[11]  G. Pavan,et al.  Breeding sounds of male Padogobius nigricans with suggestions for further evolutionary study of vocal behaviour in gobioid fishes , 1996 .

[12]  M. Chardon,et al.  The branchial basket in Teleost feeding. , 2000 .

[13]  T. Pitcher.  Behaviour of Teleost Fishes , 1986 .

[14]  M. Stiassny,et al.  Interrelationships of fishes , 1997 .

[15]  M. Amorim,et al.  Metabolic costs of sound production in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau , 2002 .

[16]  A. Rice,et al.  Enzyme activities of pharyngeal jaw musculature in the cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius: implications for sound production in cichlid fishes. , 2002, The Journal of experimental biology.

[17]  G. Manley,et al.  Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System , 2004, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.

[18]  Gerhard von der Emde,et al.  The senses of fish : adaptations for the reception of natural stimuli , 2004 .

[19]  Jelle Atema,et al.  Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals , 1988, Springer New York.

[20]  Shaun P. Collin,et al.  Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments , 2011, Springer New York.

[21]  G. Pavan,et al.  Sound production during courtship and spawning among freshwater gobiids (pisces, gobiidae) , 1997 .

[22]  Joseph G. Hoffman,et al.  Marine Bio‐Acoustics , 1965 .

[23]  F. Ladich,et al.  Correlation between auditory sensitivity and vocalization in anabantoid fishes , 1998, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[24]  H. Gainer,et al.  Neuromuscular junctions in a fast-contracting fish muscle. , 1965, Comparative biochemistry and physiology.

[25]  D. Noakes,et al.  Predators and Prey in Fishes , 1983 .

[26]  G. Hamoir,et al.  Protein differentiation of the superfast swimbladder muscle of the toadfish Opsanus tau. , 1980, Journal of molecular biology.

[27]  D. Bramble,et al.  Functional vertebrate morphology , 1985 .

[28]  H. Gainer,et al.  ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SQUIRRELFISH SOUND-PRODUCING MUSCLE. , 1965, Comparative biochemistry and physiology.

[29]  L. Licht,et al.  The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Biology of Amphibians , 1997 .

[30]  Crawford Jd.  Central auditory neurophysiology of a sound-producing fish: the mesencephalon of Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae). , 1993 .

[31]  Friedrich Ladich,et al.  Sound Production and Acoustic Communication , 2004 .

[32]  C. J. Herrick.  The cranial and first spinal nerves of menidia a contribution upon the nerve components of the bony fishes , 2009 .

[33]  A. Bass.  Sounds from the Intertidal Zone: Vocalizing FishSex and species differences in the coadaptation of behavior and neural mechanisms in a simple motor system , 1990 .

[34]  H. Sugi,et al.  Electrical and mechanical properties and mode of innervation in scorpionfish sound-producing muscle fibres , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[35]  Arthur N. Popper,et al.  Bioacoustics of Fishes of the Family Sciaenidae (Croakers and Drums) , 2006 .

[36]  W. Tavolga.  6 Sound Production and Detection , 1971 .

[37]  M. Connaughton,et al.  Drumming, Courtship, and Spawning Behavior in Captive Weakfish, Cynoscion regalis , 1996 .

[38]  R. Baker,et al.  Evolution of homologous vocal control traits. , 1991, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[39]  Atsushi Onuki,et al.  Spinal Nerve Innervation to the Sonic Muscle and Sonic Motor Nucleus in Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Ostariophysi) , 2006, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[40]  H. C. Tracy,et al.  Development of the spinal neural crest, nerves, and muscles in the toadfish (Opsanus tau) , 1961, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[41]  B. Hazlett,et al.  Sound Producing Mechanism of the Nassau Grouper, Epinephalus striatus , 1962 .

[42]  Andrew H. Bass,et al.  Shaping Brain Sexuality , 1996 .

[43]  T. Tricas,et al.  Acoustic communication in territorial butterflyfish: test of the sound production hypothesis , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[44]  Richard E. Thorne,et al.  Acoustic Observations of Gas Bubble Release by Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) , 1990 .

[45]  P. Domenici,et al.  Spacing of wild schooling herring while encircled by killer whales , 2000 .

[46]  D. Rosen,et al.  On Müller's and Cuvier's concepts of pharyngognath and labyrinth fishes and the classification of percomorph fishes : with an atlas of percomorph dorsal gill arches. American Museum novitates ; ; no. 2983. , 1990 .

[47]  A. Bass,et al.  Sonic/Vocal Motor Pathways in Squirrelfish (Teleostei, Holocentridae) , 2000, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[48]  M. Fine,et al.  Relationship of swim-bladder shape to the directionality pattern of underwater sound in the oyster toadfish , 1998 .

[49]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Evidence for an auditory function of the swimbladder in the cod. , 1973, The Journal of experimental biology.

[50]  K. Heck,et al.  The effects of habitat complexity and light intensity on ambush predation within a simulated seagrass habitat , 1994 .

[51]  A. Hawkins,et al.  Ontogeny of Acoustic and Feeding Behaviour in the Grey Gurnard, Eutrigla gurnardus , 2005 .

[52]  J. T. Nordeide,et al.  Acoustic Repertoire of Spawning Cod, Gadus morhua , 2004, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[53]  H. Eichelberg.  The fine structure of the drum muscles of the Tigerfish, Therapon jarbua, as compared with the trunk musculature , 1976, Cell and Tissue Research.

[54]  John M. Wallace,et al.  Avoidance and escape behaviour by herring encountering midwater trawls , 1997 .

[55]  J. Lagardère,et al.  Sound-producing mechanisms and recordings in Carapini species (Teleostei, Pisces) , 2003, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[56]  M. Fine,et al.  Embryonic, juvenile, and adult development of the toadfish sonic muscle , 1997, The Anatomical record.

[57]  R. Williamson,et al.  A quantitative analysis of the spinal motor pool and its target muscle during growth in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[58]  C. Skoglund,et al.  FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SWIM-BLADDER MUSCLES ENGAGED IN SOUND PRODUCTION OF THE TOADFISH , 1961, The Journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology.

[59]  A. Bass,et al.  Dolphin foraging sounds suppress calling and elevate stress hormone levels in a prey species, the Gulf toadfish , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[60]  H. E. Winn,et al.  Sound Production by the Satinfin Shiner, Notropis analostanus, and Related Fishes , 1960, Science.

[61]  L. Dill,et al.  Pacific and Atlantic herring produce burst pulse sounds , 2004, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[62]  P. Lobel,et al.  Correlation of acoustic and visual signals in the cichlid fish, Tramitichromis intermedius , 2004, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[63]  M. Fine,et al.  Comparison of sarcoplasmic reticulum capabilities in toadfish (Opsanus tau) sonic muscle and rat fast twitch muscle , 1998, Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility.

[64]  S. Vives,et al.  Sound Production in Codoma ornata (Girard) (Cyprinidae) , 2003, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[65]  C. J. Herrick.  The cranial and first spinal nerves of menidia; A contribution upon the nerve components of the bony fishes. Section 1. Introductory , 1899 .

[66]  Raquel Godinho,et al.  Agonistic behaviour and sound production in Gaidropsarus mediterraneus, (Gadidae) , 1996 .

[67]  H. E. Winn,et al.  Sound-Producing Organ of the Squirrelfish, Holocentrus rufus , 1963, Physiological Zoology.

[68]  G. Howes.  Notes on the anatomy and classification of ophidiiform fishes with particular reference to the abyssal genus Acanthonus Günther, 1878 , 1992 .

[69]  A. Bass,et al.  Underwater Sound Generation and Acoustic Reception in Fishes with Some Notes on Frogs , 2003 .

[70]  A. C. Haddon,et al.  Contributions To The Anatomy Of Fishes: Ii. The Air-bladder And Weberian Ossicles In The Siluroid Fishes , 2011 .

[71]  R. Alexander.  The Physical Properties of the Swimbladder in Intact Cypriniformes , 1959 .

[72]  Atsushi Onuki,et al.  Two types of sounds and additional spinal nerve innervation to the sonic muscle in John Dory, Zeus faber (Zeiformes: Teleostei) , 2004, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[73]  M. Fine,et al.  Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the sonic motor nucleus in the oyster toadfish , 1984, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[74]  M. Connaughton,et al.  Seasonal and daily cycles in sound production associated with spawning in the weakfish,Cynoscion regalis , 1995, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[75]  N. M. Burns,et al.  Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of sonic muscle in the oyster toadfish , 1990 .

[76]  R. Diogo,et al.  Evolutionary trends of swimbladder sound mechanisms in some teleost fishes , 2006 .

[77]  M. Phillips.  The feeding sounds of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson , 1989 .

[78]  A. Popper,et al.  Acoustic Communication in Fishes and Frogs , 1999 .

[79]  A. Lombarte,et al.  Otolith size and its relationship with colour patterns and sound production , 2004 .

[80]  Paulo J. Fonseca,et al.  Sound production during courtship and spawning of Oreochromis mossambicus: male–female and male–male interactions , 2003 .

[81]  F. Ladich.  COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SWIMBLADDER (DRUMMING) AND PECTORAL (STRIDULATION) SOUNDS IN THREE FAMILIES OF CATFISHES , 1997 .

[82]  A. Bass,et al.  Early events in myofibrillogenesis and innervation of skeletal, sound‐generating muscle in a teleost fish , 1993, Journal of morphology.

[83]  Louis Rigley,et al.  Function of Sound Production by the Skunk Loach Botia horae (Pisces, Cobitidae) , 2010 .

[84]  M. Sprague,et al.  The single sonic muscle twitch model for the sound-production mechanism in the weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. , 2000, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[85]  G. Hohmann.  Comparative analyses of age- and sex-specific patterns of vocal behaviour in four species of Old World monkeys. , 1991, Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology.

[86]  Teresa Modesto,et al.  Morphometric changes and sex steroid levels during the annual reproductive cycle of the Lusitanian toadfish, Halobatrachus didactylus. , 2003, General and comparative endocrinology.

[87]  A. Vincent.  Seahorses exhibit conventional sex roles in mating competition, despite male pregnancy , 1994 .

[88]  A. Rice,et al.  The pharyngeal jaw apparatus of the Cichlidae and Pomacentridae: function in feeding and sound production , 2003, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[89]  L. E. Wysocki,et al.  The ontogenetic development of auditory sensitivity, vocalization and acoustic communication in the labyrinth fish Trichopsis vittata , 2001, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[90]  Ultrasound detection by clupeiform fishes , 2001 .

[91]  A. Hawkins,et al.  Sound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard , 2004 .

[92]  J. Musick,et al.  Ontogeny of the Sexually Dimorphic Sonic Muscle in Three Sciaenid Species , 1987 .

[93]  A. A. Myrberg,et al.  The sounds of bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus) : predictors of body size and a spectral basis for individual recognition and assessment , 1993 .

[94]  Phillip S. Lobel,et al.  Possible species specific courtship sounds by two sympatric cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa , 1998, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[95]  I. Würdinger.  Erzeugung, Ontogenie und Funktion der Lautäußerungen bei vier Gänsearten , 2010 .

[96]  Andrew H. Bass,et al.  Alternative male spawning tactics and acoustic signals in the plainfin midshipman fish , 2010 .

[97]  S. Poss,et al.  Structure and innervation of the swim bladder musculature in the weakfish, Cynoscion regalis (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) , 1982 .

[98]  R. Bruch,et al.  Spawning behavior of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) , 2002 .

[99]  L. Rome,et al.  Trading force for speed: why superfast crossbridge kinetics leads to superlow forces. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[100]  F. Ladich.  Vocalization during agonistic behaviour in Cottus gobio L. (Cottidae): an acoustic threat display , 2010 .

[101]  R. Mallekh,et al.  Feeding sounds of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and their potential use in the control of food supply in aquaculture: I. Spectrum analysis of the feeding sounds , 2000 .

[102]  S. Lewis,et al.  Courtship Behavior in the Dwarf Seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae , 1996 .

[103]  H. Mok,et al.  Sound production in the anemonefishes,Amphiprion clarkii andA. frenatus (Pomacentridae), in captivity , 1988 .

[104]  M. D. Burkenroad.  Notes on the Sound-Producing Marine Fishes of Louisiana , 1931 .

[105]  A. Bass.  Sonic motor pathways in teleost fishes: a comparative HRP study. , 1985, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[106]  M. Fine,et al.  Seasonal and geographical variation of the mating call of the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau L. , 2004, Oecologia.

[107]  S. M. Henglmüller,et al.  Development of agonistic behaviour and vocalization in croaking gouramis , 1999 .

[108]  S. Malavasi,et al.  Male Courtship Sounds in a Teleost with Alternative Reproductive Tactics, the Grass Goby, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus , 2003, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[109]  C. Franzini-armstrong,et al.  Quantitation of Ca ATPase, feet and mitochondria in superfast muscle fibres from the toadfish,Opsanus tau , 1991, Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility.

[110]  Ad. J. Kalmijn,et al.  Behavioral Investigations on the Functions of the Lateral Line and Inner Ear in Predation , 1989 .

[111]  A. Bass,et al.  Sonic/vocal‐acousticolateralis pathways in teleost fishes: A transneuronal biocytin study in mochokid catfish , 1996, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[112]  N. Davies,et al.  Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads Bufo bufo , 1978, Nature.

[113]  Rui F. Oliveira,et al.  SOUND PRODUCTION BY THE LUSITANIAN TOAD FISH, HALOBATRACHUS DIDACTYLUS , 2000 .

[114]  Shaun P. Collin,et al.  Communication in Fishes , 2006 .

[115]  D. Bodnar,et al.  From neurons to behavior: vocal-acoustic communication in teleost fish. , 1997, The Biological bulletin.

[116]  M. Fine,et al.  Functional morphology of toadfish sonic muscle fibers: relationship to possible fiber division , 1993 .

[117]  J. Spires,et al.  Hearing in damselfishes: An analysis of signal detection among closely related species , 1980, Journal of comparative physiology.

[118]  A. Bass,et al.  Androgen effects on vocal muscle structure in a teleost fish with inter‐ and intra‐sexual dimorphism , 1993, Journal of morphology.

[119]  J. D. Crawford,et al.  Acoustic detection by sound-producing fishes (Mormyridae): the role of gas-filled tympanic bladders. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[120]  David A. Mann,et al.  PASSIVE ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF SOUNDS PRODUCED BY THE DAMSELFISH, DASCYLLUS ALBISELLA (POMACENTRIDAE) , 1995 .

[121]  Robert J. Wootton,et al.  Ecology of Teleost Fishes , 1989, Springer Netherlands.

[122]  K. Liem,et al.  Fishes of the suborder Labroidei lPiscesc Perciformesrc phylogenyc ecologyc and evolutionary significance , 1982 .

[123]  S. Schaefer.  Mechanical strength of the pectoral spine/girdle complex in Pterygoplichthys (Loricariidae: siludoidei) , 1984 .

[124]  J. Hirsch,et al.  Continuous adult development of multiple innervation in toadfish sonic muscle. , 1998, Journal of neurobiology.

[125]  M. Wahlberg,et al.  Sounds produced by herring (Clupea harengus) bubble release , 2003 .

[126]  G. Cailliet,et al.  The mating call of the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus , 1983 .

[127]  M. Cohen,et al.  Electrophysiological observations on hearing and sound production in the fish, Porichthys notatus. , 1967, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[128]  F. Ladich,et al.  Sound production and reproductive behaviour of the armoured catfish Corydoras paleatus (Callichthyidae) , 1998, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[129]  H. E. Winn.  Acoustic Discrimination by the Toadfish with Comments on Signal Systems , 1972 .

[130]  Anthony D. Hawkins,et al.  Underwater Sound and Fish Behaviour , 1986 .

[131]  J. D. Crawford,et al.  Communication signals and sound production mechanisms of mormyrid electric fish. , 1999, The Journal of experimental biology.

[132]  A. Hawkins,et al.  Spawning of Haddock in Captivity , 1967, Nature.

[133]  W. Mowbray,et al.  Mechanism of Sound Production in the Sculpin. , 1956, Science.

[134]  Robert J. Urick,et al.  Principles of underwater sound , 1975 .

[135]  M. Nelissen.  Sound production by some Tanganyikan cichlid fishes and a hypothesis for the evolution of the R communication mechanisms. , 1978, Behaviour.

[136]  A. Canario,et al.  Hormonal control of swimbladder sonic muscle dimorphism in the Lusitanian toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus , 2003, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[137]  W. Courtenay,et al.  Sound-producing mechanisms in carapid fishes, with notes on phylogenetic implications , 1970 .

[138]  L. Nøttestad.  Extensive gas bubble release in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) during predator avoidance , 1998 .

[139]  P. Wainwright,et al.  Morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes Hippocampus erectus and Syngnathus floridae , 1997 .

[140]  J. M. Moulton.  SWIMMING SOUNDS AND THE SCHOOLING OF FISHES , 1960 .

[141]  W. Tavolga.  The Significance of Underwater Sounds Produced by Males of the Gobiid Fish, Bathygobius soporator , 1958, Physiological Zoology.

[142]  C. Johnston,et al.  Sound Production in Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and S. platorynchus (Acipenseridae) , 2003, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[143]  Hironobu Ito,et al.  Sonic Motor Nucleus and Its Connections with Octaval and Lateral Line Nuclei of the Medulla in a Rockfish, Sebastiscus marmoratus , 1999, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[144]  David A. Mann,et al.  SPAWNING SOUNDS OF THE DAMSELFISH, DASCYLLUS ALBISELLA (POMACENTRIDAE), AND RELATIONSHIP TO MALE SIZE , 1995 .

[145]  E. Trewavas.  The sciaenid fishes (croakers or drums) of the Indo-West-Pacific , 1977 .

[146]  Christopher Platt,et al.  Sound Detection Mechanisms and Capabilities of Teleost Fishes , 2003 .

[147]  Anthony D. Hawkins,et al.  Spawning Sounds of the Male Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus , 2000, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[148]  L. Rome,et al.  Mutually exclusive muscle designs: the power output of the locomotory and sonic muscles of the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) , 2001, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[149]  F. Ladich,et al.  Localization of swimbladder and pectoral motoneurons involved in sound production in pimelodid catfish. , 1994, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[150]  H. Sugi,et al.  Ultrastructural organization of the transverse tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a fish sound-producing muscle. , 2003, Journal of electron microscopy.

[151]  F. Ladich.  Did Auditory Sensitivity and Vocalization Evolve Independently in Otophysan Fishes? , 1999, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[152]  J. M. Moulton.  THE ACOUSTICAL BEHAVIOR OF SOME FISHES IN THE BIMINI AREA , 1958 .

[153]  M. Chardon,et al.  Phylogenetic analysis of the pearlfish Carapini (Ophidiiformes, Carapidae) , 2001 .

[154]  H. Kratochvil,et al.  Significance of Agonistic Vocalization in the Croaking Gourami (Trichopsis vittatus, Teleostei) , 2010 .

[155]  C. Franzini-armstrong,et al.  Junctional feet and particles in the triads of a fast-twitch muscle fibre , 1983, Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility.

[156]  S. Patek,et al.  Sound production during feeding in Hippocampus seahorses (Syngnathidae) , 1998, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[157]  S. Modla,et al.  Variability in Sonic Muscle Size and Innervation among Three Sciaenids: Spot, Atlantic Croaker, and Weakfish , 2002, Copeia.

[158]  Ivar Folstad,et al.  Cod courtship song: a song at the expense of dance? , 1999 .

[159]  A H Bass,et al.  Vocal-acoustic pathways in a teleost fish , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[160]  A. Heberlein,et al.  Bioacoustic behavior of African fishes (Mormyridae): potential cues for species and individual recognition in Pollimyrus. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[161]  J. Janssen,et al.  Sound production through the substrate during reproduction in the mottled sculpin,Cottus bairdi (Cottidae) , 1994, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[162]  C. Roberts,et al.  Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review , 1992, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[163]  L. S. Forbes.  Prey defences and predator handling behaviour: the dangerous prey hypothesis , 1989 .

[164]  M. Fine,et al.  Lateralization of pectoral stridulation sound production in the channel catfish , 1996, Physiology & Behavior.

[165]  H. Kratochvil.  Der Bau des Lautapparates vom Knurrenden Gurami (Trichopsis vittatus Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Anabantidae, Belontiidae) , 1978, Zoomorphologie.

[166]  G. Lauder.  Functional design and evolution of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in euteleostean fishes , 1983 .

[167]  K. Liem,et al.  A Functional Approach to the Phylogeny of the Pharyngognath Teleosts , 1981 .

[168]  RODNEY A. ROUNTREE,et al.  SOUNDS OF WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC FISHES—DATA RESCUE , 2002 .

[169]  M. Connaughton,et al.  Weakfish sonic muscle: influence of size, temperature and season. , 2002, The Journal of experimental biology.

[170]  M. Lugli,et al.  Acoustic communication in two freshwater gobies: the relationship between ambient noise, hearing thresholds and sound spectrum , 2003, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[171]  R M Alexander,et al.  PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SWIMBLADDER FUNCTION , 1966, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[172]  R. Mallekh,et al.  Acoustic characteristics of two feeding modes used by brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) , 2004 .

[173]  M. Connaughton.  Sound generation in the searobin (Prionotus carolinus), a fish with alternate sonic muscle contraction , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[174]  J. Gray,et al.  The herring swimbladder as a gas reservoir for the acousticolateralis system , 1979, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[175]  M. Salmon,et al.  Sound Production and Associated Behavior in Triggerfishes , 1968 .

[176]  R. W. Tower.  THE PRODUCTION OF SOUND IN THE DRUMFISHES, THE SEA‐ROBIN AND THE TOADFISH , 1908 .

[177]  A. Hawkins,et al.  Growling for food: acoustic emissions during competitive feeding of the streaked gurnard , 2000 .

[178]  T. Cameron,et al.  Movement and sound generation by the toadfish swimbladder , 2001, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[179]  Lawrence C. Rome,et al.  The Quest for Speed: Muscles Built for High-Frequency Contractions. , 1998, News in physiological sciences : an international journal of physiology produced jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society.

[180]  R. Alexander.  The Psysical Properties of the Swimbladders of Fish Other Than Cypriniformes , 1959 .

[181]  Anatomical study of the innervation pattern of the sonic muscle of the oyster toadfish. , 1989, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[182]  A. C. Haddon,et al.  Contributions to the anatomy of fishes. , 2022 .

[183]  F. Ladich,et al.  Sound production in Polypterus (Osteichthyes: Polypteridae) , 1988 .

[184]  Comparative neurobiology of vocal behaviour in teleost fishes , 1997 .

[185]  M. Hagedorn,et al.  Acoustic communication in an electric fish,Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae) , 1986, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[186]  A. Bayoumi.  Under-water sounds of the Japanese gurnard Chelidonichthys kumu , 1970 .

[187]  K. Kalil,et al.  Organization of motoneuronal pools in the rostral spinal cord of the sea robin, Prionotus carolinus , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[188]  David A. Mann,et al.  Sounds Produced by the Striped Cusk-Eel Ophidion marginatum (Ophidiidae) during Courtship and Spawning , 1997 .

[189]  P. S. Enger,et al.  Hearing in herring. , 1967, Comparative biochemistry and physiology.

[190]  M. Connaughton,et al.  The effects of seasonal hypertrophy and atrophy on fiber morphology, metabolic substrate concentration and sound characteristics of the weakfish sonic muscle. , 1997, The Journal of experimental biology.

[191]  Histochemical Characteristics of Sonic Muscle Fibers in Tigerperch, Terapon jarbua , 1998 .

[192]  C. L. Mahajan.  SOUND PRODUCING APPARATUS IN AN INDIAN CATFISH SISOR RHABDOPHORUS HAMILTON. , 1963 .

[193]  L. Rome,et al.  The whistle and the rattle: the design of sound producing muscles. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[194]  Ronald B. Aiken,et al.  SOUND PRODUCTION BY AQUATIC INSECTS , 1985 .

[195]  J. D. Crawford,et al.  Feature-detecting auditory neurons in the brain of a sound-producing fish , 1997, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[196]  M. Muller,et al.  Hydrodynamics of suction feeding in fish , 2010 .

[197]  J. Gillis.  Relaxation of vertebrate skeletal muscle. A synthesis of the biochemical and physiological approaches. , 1985, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[198]  J. Marshall,et al.  Reproductive Behaviour of the Rainbow Cichlid, Herotilapia Multispinosa (Pisces, Cichlidae) , 1978 .

[199]  Embryonic and larval development of the sonic motor nucleus in the oyster toadfish. , 1987, Journal of neurobiology.

[200]  M. Fine,et al.  Crepuscular Changes in Emission Rate and Parameters of the Boatwhistle Advertisement Call of the Gulf Toadfish, Opsanus Beta , 2002, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[201]  Vivien M. Brawn,et al.  Sound Production By the Cod (Gadus Callarias L.) , 1961 .

[202]  M. D. Burkenroad.  Sound Production in the Haemulidae , 1930 .

[203]  K. Prestwich,et al.  The Energetics of Acoustic Signaling in Anurans and Insects , 1994 .

[204]  R. Brousseau,et al.  The pectoral anatomy of selected Ostariophysi. II. The Cypriniformes and siluriformes , 1976, Journal of morphology.

[205]  M. Connaughton,et al.  USE OF SOUND FOR LOCALISATION OF SPAWNING WEAKFISH IN DELAWARE BAY (USA) AND EFFECTS OF FISH SIZE, TEMPERATURE AND SEASON ON SOUND PARAMETERS , 2002 .

[206]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians , 1999, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.

[207]  P. Colgan,et al.  Sound production during agonistic and reproductive behaviour in the pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and their hybrid sunfish. I. Context , 1978 .

[208]  A. Bass,et al.  Sound‐generating (sonic) motor system in a teleost fish (Porichthys notatus): Sexual polymorphism in the ultrastructure of myofibrils , 1989, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[209]  L. E. Hallacher.  The comparative morphology of extrinsic gasbladder musculature in the scorpionfish genus Sebastes lPiscesc Scorpaenidaer , 1974 .

[210]  R. Alexander.  Structure and function in the catfish , 2009 .

[211]  F. Ladich,et al.  Sound production, hearing and possible interception under ambient noise conditions in the topmouth minnow Pseudorasbora parva , 2006 .

[212]  A. Packard.  Electrophysiological Observations on a Sound-producing Fish , 1960, Nature.

[213]  T. Savage.  Reproductive Behavior of the Mottled Sculpin, Cottus bairdi Girard , 1963 .

[214]  C. W. Greene.  PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF THE VOCAL APPARATUS OF THE CALIFORNIA SINGING FISH, PORICHTHYS NOTATUS , 1924 .

[215]  L. Dill,et al.  The behavior of Pacific herring schools in response to artificial humpback whale bubbles , 1997 .

[216]  W. Courtenay.  Sexual Dimorphism of the Sound Producing Mechanism of the Striped Cusk-Eel, Rissola marginata (Pisces: Ophidiidae) , 1971 .

[217]  Arthur N. Popper,et al.  The Localization and Potential Function of Glycosyltransferases in Chick Embryos , 1973 .

[218]  C. Johnston,et al.  Sound Production in Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) (Cyprinidae) , 2000, Copeia.

[219]  Anthony D. Hawkins,et al.  Acoustic Properties of the Cod Swimbladder , 1973 .

[220]  K. Nelson.  THE EVOLUTION OF A PATTERN OF SOUND PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH COURTSHIP IN THE CHARACID FISH, GLANDULOCAUDA INEQUALIS , 1964 .

[221]  M. Fine,et al.  Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus , 1997 .

[222]  W. Lanzing,et al.  Sound production in the cichlid Tilapia mossambica Peters , 1974 .

[223]  M. Connaughton,et al.  Effects of fish size and temperature on weakfish disturbance calls: implications for the mechanism of sound generation. , 2000, The Journal of experimental biology.

[224]  Atsushi Onuki,et al.  Innervation of Sonic Muscles in Teleosts: Occipital vs. Spinal Nerves , 2007, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[225]  D. Lewis.  Bioacoustics, a comparative approach , 1983 .

[226]  P. Vandewalle,et al.  Characterization of the primary sonic muscles in Carapus acus (Carapidae): a multidisciplinary approach , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[227]  H. Recher,et al.  Comments on the Escape of Prey from Avian Predators , 1968 .

[228]  A. D. Hawkins,et al.  The calls of gadoid fish , 1978, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[229]  M. Fine,et al.  The Spines of the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, as an Anti-Predator Adaptation: an Experimental Study , 2006 .

[230]  J. Castro,et al.  Acoustic behaviour of Abudefduf luridus , 1997 .

[231]  F. Ladich,et al.  Parallel Evolution in Fish Hearing Organs , 2004 .

[232]  H. Schneider,et al.  Laute und Lauterzeugung beim Süsswassertrommler Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque (Sciaenidae, Pisces) , 1960, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie.

[233]  J. Blaxter,et al.  The herring swimbladder: loss and gain of gas , 1984, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[234]  K. Pennypacker,et al.  Sexual differences and steroid-induced changes in metabolic activity in toadfish sonic muscle. , 1985, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[235]  Jean Paul Revel,et al.  THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF A FAST-ACTING FISH MUSCLE , 1961, The Journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology.