Hunger and Energy Homeostasis

Food intake is a complex behavior so integral to our everyday experience that its complex and redundant biological underpinnings are often ignored or misunderstood. The biological control of ingestive behavior is multifold. First, there are a number of biological systems that operate within a single meal to bring that individual bout of ingestion to an end. While the initiation of meals appears to be influenced primarily by learned environmental cues, satiety signals, including those from the stomach, the intestine, and the liver, provide information to the CNS concerning the number of calories that have been consumed to terminate ingestion. Second, adult mammals also maintain relatively constant levels of stored calories in the form of adipose tissue. This is accomplished via a number of circulating adiposity signals that provide information to the CNS about changes in the amount of adipose in the body. Changes in these adiposity signals that reflect depletions of stored calories result in a complex neuroendocrine response that acts to conserve ongoing calorie usage and push the organism to ingest additional calories. Ultimately these adiposity signals act to alter food intake by adjusting the efficacy of satiety signals to influence food intake within a single bout of ingestion. Keywords: adiposity; agouti-related protein; amylin; arcuate nucleus; body weight regulation; calories; caudal brainstem; cholecystokinin; chronic decerebrate rat; classical conditioning; energy balance; food intake; food; glucostatic hypothesis; homeostasis; hypothalamus; ingestion; insulin; lateral hypothalamus; leptin; meal; melanocortin; neuropeptide Y; obesity; paraventricular nucleus; regulation; satiety; set point; ventromedial hypothalamus

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