Opportunities for increased nitrogen-use efficiency from improved lowland rice germplasm

Understanding of the mechanisms governing the efficient use of N by rice plants—both its acquisition and internal use—is reviewed. Acquisition efficiency is considered in terms of root properties influencing the absorption and assimilation of NH+4 and other N species, and their regulation; root-induced changes in the rhizosphere affecting N mineralization, transformation and transport; and root-associated biological N2 fixation. Efficiency of internal use is considered in terms of the translocation, distribution and remobilization of absorbed N in different plant organs, flag leaf N import/export and leaf senescence patterns, and the efficiency with which N is used in CO2 fixation. Evidence for genetic variation in both acquisition efficiency and internal-use efficiency is given for plants under N-sufficient and N-limited conditions. The possibility of incorporating in rice the machinery for N2 fixation is discussed.

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