The Characteristics of the Aerosol Optical Depth within the Lowest Aerosol Layer over the Tibetan Plateau from 2007 to 2014

The characteristics of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) were analyzed using 8-year (from January 2007 to December 2014) Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) level 2 aerosol layer products. Firstly, the overall feature of AOD over the Tibetan Plateau was investigated, including the seasonal diversities of AODS (the sum of AODs from all aerosol layers), and A (the amounts of aerosol layers). Then we deeply studied the characteristics of AOD within the lowest aerosol layer over TP, including the seasonal variations of AOD1 (The AOD of the first aerosol layer), HB1 (the height of the first aerosol layer base), TL1 (the thickness of the first aerosol layer) and PAOD1 (The AOD proportion of the first aerosol layer). The AODS was generally low ( 0.9) indicated that the aerosols were mainly concentrated in the lowest layer in summer, fall, and winter in the main body of TP. In spring, the PAOD1 value was relatively low (~0.7–0.85) and the distribution exhibited obvious differences between the southern (~0.85) and the northern (~0.75) TP, which appeared to be consistent with A. Most of the aerosol loads in summer were concentrated in the lowest aerosol layer with high aerosol loads. Most of the aerosol loads in fall and winter were also concentrated in the lowest aerosol layer, but with low aerosol loads.

[1]  X. Xia,et al.  Baseline continental aerosol over the central Tibetan plateau and a case study of aerosol transport from South Asia , 2011 .

[2]  David M. Winker,et al.  Summer dust aerosols detected from CALIPSO over the Tibetan Plateau , 2007 .

[3]  Bin Liu,et al.  Background aerosol over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau: observed characteristics of aerosol mass loading , 2016 .

[4]  L. Thompson,et al.  Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings , 2012 .

[5]  G. Carmichael,et al.  Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission , 2009 .

[6]  Dongfang Wang,et al.  Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE‐Asia: 1. Network observations , 2003 .

[7]  D. Winker,et al.  Initial performance assessment of CALIOP , 2007 .

[8]  V. Ramanathan,et al.  Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle , 2001, Science.

[9]  Bertrand Meyer,et al.  Oblique Stepwise Rise and Growth of the Tibet Plateau , 2001, Science.

[10]  J. Qin,et al.  Observed Coherent Trends of Surface and Upper-Air Wind Speed over China since 1960 , 2013 .

[11]  T. Yao,et al.  Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[12]  Jianping Huang,et al.  Quantifying sources, transport, deposition, and radiative forcing of black carbon over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau , 2015 .

[13]  O. Boucher,et al.  A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system , 2002, Nature.

[14]  Wan,et al.  The Influence of Mechanical and Thermal Forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Climate , 2007 .

[15]  K. Lau,et al.  Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season , 2011 .

[16]  K. Bedka,et al.  Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution , 2015, Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres : JGR.

[17]  D. Tanré,et al.  Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosols from Space: Past, Present, and Future. , 1999 .

[18]  Shi-chang Kang,et al.  Carbonaceous aerosols on the south edge of the Tibetan Plateau: concentrations, seasonality and sources , 2014 .

[19]  Jing Gao,et al.  A review of climatic controls on δ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: Observations and simulations , 2013 .

[20]  H. Treut,et al.  THE CALIPSO MISSION: A Global 3D View of Aerosols and Clouds , 2010 .

[21]  Junji Cao,et al.  Measuring and modeling black carbon (BC) contamination in the SE Tibetan Plateau , 2010 .

[22]  David M. Winker,et al.  The global 3-D distribution of tropospheric aerosols as characterized by CALIOP , 2012 .

[23]  Qing Bao,et al.  Thermal Controls on the Asian Summer Monsoon , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[24]  Zhibao Dong,et al.  Modern dust storms in China: an overview , 2004 .

[25]  Y. Qi,et al.  Characteristics of Taklimakan dust emission and distribution: A satellite and reanalysis field perspective , 2014 .

[26]  Zhaoyan Liu,et al.  Airborne dust distributions over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas derived from the first year of CALIPSO lidar observations , 2008 .

[27]  D. Winker,et al.  The CALIPSO Automated Aerosol Classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm , 2009 .

[28]  Louisa Emmons,et al.  Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the Stratosphere , 2010, Science.

[29]  Yaoming Ma,et al.  Combining MODIS, AVHRR and in situ data for evapotranspiration estimation over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau , 2014 .

[30]  Yaoming Ma,et al.  The regional distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth over the Tibetan Plateau , 2015 .

[31]  A. Scott Denning,et al.  Estimates of North American summertime planetary boundary layer depths derived from space-borne lidar , 2012 .

[32]  F. Cairo,et al.  Aerosol variability and atmospheric transport in the Himalayan region from CALIOP 2007–2010 observations , 2013 .

[33]  Jing Liu,et al.  Aerosol optical depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its relation to aerosols over the Taklimakan Desert , 2008 .

[34]  Yaoming Ma,et al.  Using MODIS and AVHRR data to determine regional surface heating field and heat flux distributions over the heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau , 2014, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

[35]  A. Scott Denning,et al.  Global seasonal variations of midday planetary boundary layer depth from CALIPSO space‐borne LIDAR , 2013 .

[36]  Xuelong Chen,et al.  Determination of land surface heat fluxes over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau by using the MODIS and in situ data , 2011 .

[37]  Zhengqiang Li,et al.  Planetary boundary layer height from CALIOP compared to radiosonde overChina , 2016 .

[38]  Martin Wild,et al.  Atmospheric brown clouds: impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  X. Tie,et al.  Spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption at an urban and a remote site over the Tibetan Plateau. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[40]  Larry Di Girolamo,et al.  A climatology of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Indian subcontinent from 9 years (2000–2008) of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data , 2010 .

[41]  Michael Q. Wang,et al.  An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000 , 2003 .

[42]  P. Ciais,et al.  Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in China , 2015, Nature.

[43]  T. Yao,et al.  Monsoon-driven transport of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Tibetan Plateau: three year atmospheric monitoring study. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[44]  Yan Yin,et al.  East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST‐AIRC): An overview , 2011 .

[45]  G. Gobbi,et al.  Sunphotometry of the 2006–2007 aerosol optical/radiative properties at the Himalayan Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m a.s.l.) , 2010 .

[46]  J. Kar,et al.  CALIPSO detection of an Asian tropopause aerosol layer , 2011 .

[47]  Jonathon S. Wright,et al.  Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  D. Qin,et al.  Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau glaciers , 2016, Nature Communications.

[49]  T. Yao,et al.  Atmospheric dust from a shallow ice core from Tanggula: implications for drought in the central Tibetan Plateau over the past 155 years , 2013 .

[50]  J. Quaas,et al.  How can aerosols affect the Asian summer monsoon ? Assessment during three consecutive pre-monsoon seasons from CALIPSO satellite data. , 2010 .

[51]  Yaoming Ma,et al.  Similarities and differences of aerosol optical properties between southern and northern sides of the Himalayas , 2013 .

[52]  J. Kiehl,et al.  Atmospheric brown clouds: impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  R. W. Vachon,et al.  Stable isotopic variations in west China: A consideration of moisture sources , 2007 .

[54]  J. Kutzbach,et al.  Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya–Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times , 2001, Nature.

[55]  Shi-chang Kang,et al.  Atmospheric Aerosol Elements over the Inland Tibetan Plateau: Concentration, Seasonality, and Transport , 2015 .

[56]  D. Winker,et al.  A height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements , 2008 .