Adult-type hypolactasia is not a predisposing factor for the early functional and structural changes of atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

Individuals suffering from ATH (adult-type hypolactasia), defined by the LCT (gene encoding lactase-phlorizin hydrolase) C/C(-13910) genotype (rs4988235), use less milk and dairy products and may have higher plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and lower triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentrations than their counterparts without ATH. To investigate the effects of ATH status on the early markers of atherosclerosis, we examined its association with CIMT (carotid intima-media thickness), CAC (carotid artery compliance) and brachial artery FMD (flow-mediated dilation) in a young population-based cohort of otherwise healthy individuals. As part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, we performed CIMT, CAC and FMD analyses, LCT C/T(-13910) genotyping and risk factor determination in 2109 young subjects 24-39 years of age (45% males) at the time of the examination. The consumption of both milk and dairy products was lowest and the consumption of alcohol highest in subjects with the C/C(-13910) genotype (P<0.001 for all) in comparison with subjects without ATH (TT+CT). In multivariate analysis, no significant association between ATH status and CIMT, CAC or brachial artery FMD was found after adjustment for the use of alcohol, dairy products and all other major risk factors of coronary artery disease. In otherwise similar statistical analysis, the results remained non-significant when females and males were analysed in their own groups. In conclusion, the finding does not support the involvement of ATH in the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis.

[1]  H. Karlsson.  The prevalence of what? , 2009, Nordic journal of psychiatry.

[2]  L. Peltonen,et al.  Correlation of intestinal disaccharidase activities with the C/T-13910 variant and age. , 2007, World journal of gastroenterology.

[3]  J. Schrezenmeir,et al.  Milk and the metabolic syndrome , 2007, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[4]  I. Järvelä,et al.  Molecularly defined adult-type hypolactasia among working age people with reference to milk consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms. , 2007, World journal of gastroenterology.

[5]  W. Goessler,et al.  Adult-type hypolactasia and calcium availability: decreased calcium intake or impaired calcium absorption? , 2007, Osteoporosis International.

[6]  I. Järvelä,et al.  Lactase non-persistence and milk consumption in Estonia. , 2006, World journal of gastroenterology.

[7]  T. Lehtimäki,et al.  The Effects of Adult-Type Hypolactasia on Body Height Growth and Dietary Calcium Intake From Childhood Into Young Adulthood: A 21-Year Follow-up Study—The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study , 2006, Pediatrics.

[8]  L. Serra-Majem,et al.  Dairy products and health: a review of the epidemiological evidence , 2006, British Journal of Nutrition.

[9]  J Viikari,et al.  Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[10]  Risto Telama,et al.  Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[11]  R. Sulkava,et al.  Genetic Variant of Lactase‐Persistent C/T‐13910 Is Associated with Bone Fractures in Very Old Age , 2005, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[12]  Mika Kähönen,et al.  Geographic Origin as a Determinant of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study , 2004, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[13]  I. Järvelä,et al.  A genetic test which can be used to diagnose adult-type hypolactasia in children , 2004, Gut.

[14]  E. Ritz,et al.  Vascular calcification: a stiff challenge for the nephrologist: does preventing bone disease cause arterial disease? , 2004, Kidney international.

[15]  J. Viikari,et al.  Longitudinal changes in diet from childhood into adulthood with respect to risk of cardiovascular diseases: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[16]  J. Viikari,et al.  The 21‐year follow‐up of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study: risk factor levels, secular trends and east–west difference , 2004, Journal of internal medicine.

[17]  H. Yoshimatsu,et al.  Brachial arterial stiffness predicts coronary atherosclerosis in patients at risk for cardiovascular diseases. , 2004, Japanese heart journal.

[18]  O. Raitakari,et al.  Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood. The cardiovascular risk in young finns study , 2004 .

[19]  A. Berghold,et al.  Genetic Predisposition for Adult Lactose Intolerance and Relation to Diet, Bone Density, and Bone Fractures , 2003, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[20]  T. Laitinen,et al.  Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. , 2003, JAMA.

[21]  A. Ignaszewski,et al.  The prognostic importance of endothelial dysfunction and carotid atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery disease. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[22]  L. Olds,et al.  Lactase persistence DNA variant enhances lactase promoter activity in vitro: functional role as a cis regulatory element. , 2003, Human molecular genetics.

[23]  I. Järvelä,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene by polymorphisms associated with adult-type hypolactasia , 2003, Gut.

[24]  E. Rimm,et al.  A prospective study of calcium intake from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart disease among men. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[25]  M. Koulu,et al.  Enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in subjects with Proline7 substitution in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y. , 2003, Atherosclerosis.

[26]  D. Webb,et al.  Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events. , 2003, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[27]  I. Hajjar,et al.  Dietary Calcium Lowers the Age‐Related Rise in Blood Pressure in the United States: The NHANES III Survey , 2003, Journal of clinical hypertension.

[28]  T. Lehtimäki,et al.  The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and medial arterial calcification in patients with chronic renal failure: requirements for diagnostics. , 2002, American Journal of Kidney Diseases.

[29]  Mark A Pereira,et al.  Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study. , 2002, JAMA.

[30]  M. Watkins,et al.  Risk Stratification for Postoperative Cardiovascular Events via Noninvasive Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Prospective Study , 2002, Circulation.

[31]  E. Benjamin,et al.  Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[32]  Leena Peltonen,et al.  Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia , 2002, Nature Genetics.

[33]  B. Guy-grand,et al.  Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study , 2001, The Lancet.

[34]  P. Elwood.  Milk, coronary disease and mortality , 2001, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[35]  M. Lahti-Koski.  Publications of the National Public Health Institute , 2001 .

[36]  S. Seely.  Possible connection between milk and coronary heart disease: the calcium hypothesis. , 2000, Medical hypotheses.

[37]  Eary,et al.  CAROTID-ARTERY INTIMA AND MEDIA THICKNESS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE IN OLDER ADULTS , 2000 .

[38]  K. Livak,et al.  Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay. , 1999, Genetic analysis : biomolecular engineering.

[39]  R. Kronmal,et al.  Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  T Foitzi,et al.  Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay , 1999 .

[41]  J. Blacher,et al.  Carotid arterial stiffness as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease. , 1998, Hypertension.

[42]  F. Russo,et al.  Hypolactasia and metabolic changes in post-menopausal women. , 1997, Maturitas.

[43]  P M Rautaharju,et al.  Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. , 1995, Stroke.

[44]  P. Pietinen,et al.  The 1992 Dietary Survey of Finnish Adults , 1994 .

[45]  J. K. Lloyd,et al.  Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis , 1992, The Lancet.

[46]  T. Lehtimäki,et al.  Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in Finnish youths: a cross-sectional and 6-year follow-up study. , 1990, Journal of lipid research.

[47]  J. Strain.  Milk consumption, lactose and copper in the aetiology of ischaemic heart disease. , 1988, Medical hypotheses.

[48]  J. Viikari,et al.  Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. I. General description of the cross‐sectional study of 1980, and an account of the children's and families' state of health , 1985, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement.

[49]  S. Sarna,et al.  Serum lipids and proteins in lactose malabsorption. , 1977, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[50]  K. Pyörälä,et al.  Recessive inheritance of adult-type lactose malabsorption. , 1973, Lancet.

[51]  T. Sahi,et al.  LACTOSE MALABSORPTION IN FINNISH CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE , 1972, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica.

[52]  K Launiala,et al.  Prevalence of lactose malabsorption in a Finnish rural population. , 1970, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.