Les troubles de la marche dans la maladie de Parkinson : problématique clinique et physiopathologique

Resume Les troubles de la marche sont constants dans le cours evolutif de la maladie de Parkinson (MP). Essentiellement constitues d’une akinesie dopa sensible et d’une diminution du ballant des bras en debut de maladie, la marche se fait ensuite a petits pas avec une reduction de la longueur du pas et une limitation de la vitesse jusqu’a l’apparition de phenomenes paroxystiques rythmiques tels que le freezing et la festination. L’instabilite posturale, quant a elle, est presente a un stade evolue de la maladie, constituant un facteur de risque de chutes majeur. Les caracteristiques cinematiques des troubles de la marche dans la MP sont representees par une diminution de la vitesse de marche, de la longueur du pas et une augmentation du temps de double appui. Morris et al. 1994a;57(12) ;1994b;117 ;1996:119 ont demontre que le deficit fondamental de la marche du patient parkinsonien correspond a un defaut de regulation interne de la longueur du pas, compense par une augmentation relative de la cadence. La variabilite de la marche semble plus specifiquement perturbee chez les patients presentant un risque de chutes. Enfin, la presence de perturbations attentionnelles peut expliquer les echecs observes en situation de double tâche chez de nombreux patients. Les troubles paroxystiques – la festination (brusque augmentation de frequence en parallele a une diminution d’amplitude des cycles de marche), et le freezing , (suspension brutale et involontaire de la marche) – apparaissent a un stade plus evolue de la MP. Ils constituent encore a ce jour un ecueil dans la prise en charge des patients, du fait de leur faible dopasensibilite. Sur le plan physiopathologique, ces derniers seraient lies a une inhibition ou un defaut d’execution de programmes moteurs automatiques. D’un point de vue cinematique, ils correspondent a un trouble du controle rythmique des mouvements comme en temoignent les perturbations des parametres spatiaux et/ou temporels observes pendant un freezing  : augmentation exponentielle de la cadence, diminution de la longueur des cycles et de la vitesse, augmentation de la variabilite de la longueur des cycles. De nouvelles techniques non routinieres d’analyse de ces phenomenes (analyse frequentielle, imagerie fonctionnelle) pourraient permettre de mieux les apprehender.

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