Concentrations and spatial variations of cyclodienes and other organochlorines in herring and perch from the Baltic Sea.

Herring (Clupea harengus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) were collected in the northern and southern Baltic Sea and analyzed for the presence of the cyclodiene pesticides chlordane (CHL), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan and mirex, as well as other organochlorine contaminants, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in order to investigate concentrations, accumulation and differences in geographical distribution. In the northern part of the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, herring were collected at two pelagic stations, one in the Bothnian Bay (BB) and the other in the Bothnian Sea (BS), respectively; perch were collected at four coastal locations along the Swedish coast. All these locations were selected to represent background areas except one in the vicinity of an industrialised and contaminated area. Both specimens were also caught in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, in the Gulf of Gdansk (GG), Poland, a potentially highly polluted area. From the eight cyclodiene pesticides analyzed, three were detected in herring and perch samples, including 12 different CHL-related compounds, dieldrin and mirex. To our knowledge, it is the first time that mirex has been detected in samples from the Baltic Sea. Neither heptachlor, aldrin, endrin, isodrin nor endosulfan were found. However, HCHs, DDTs, HCBz and PCBs were found in every sample investigated, and the concentrations ranged e.g. for the cyclodiene chemicals dieldrin and CHL-related compounds from 30 to 170 ng/g lipid and for PCBs from 360 to 5400 ng/g lipid, both fish species included. Differences in contamination burden between the sites can be seen, e.g. for herring the BB and GG locals were similar, and generally lower than BS for all chemicals except that of DDT where GG was the highest. For the perch samples the industrialised location had markedly higher concentrations of HCBz and PCBs than the other locations. This species also identifies GG as the most DDT contaminated site among the three studied areas.

[1]  P. Wilkinson,et al.  Spatial trends and historical profiles of organochlorine pesticides in Arctic lake sediments , 1995 .

[2]  Tjelvar Odsjö,et al.  Chlorinated and brominated persistent organic compounds in biological samples from the environment , 1993 .

[3]  W. Ernst,et al.  Bioaccumulating substances and reproductive success in baltic flounder platichthys flesus , 1981 .

[4]  Shinsuke Tanabe,et al.  Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments, and soils from the lake baikal region, Russia. , 1995, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  D. Stalling,et al.  Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri) , 1991 .

[6]  S. Tanabe,et al.  Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate , 1993 .

[7]  M. Oehme.  Dispersion and transport paths of toxic persistent organochlorines to the Arctic--levels and consequences. , 1991, The Science of the total environment.

[8]  K. Kaiser,et al.  A Lake Ontario-Gulf of St. Lawrence dynamic mass budget for mirex , 1993 .

[9]  B. Hargrave,et al.  Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Arctic Ocean food web , 1992, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[10]  R. Tatsukawa,et al.  Chlordane compounds residues in Weddell seals (Leptonychotesweddelli) from the Antarctic , 1984 .

[11]  C. Rappe,et al.  Enantioselective determination of chlordane components using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with application to environmental samples , 1992 .

[12]  V. Zitko.  Nonachlor and chlordane in aquatic fauna , 1978 .

[13]  M. Olsson,et al.  Spatial differences and temporal trends of organochlorine compounds in biota from the northwestern hemisphere , 1988, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[14]  R. Hites,et al.  Chlordane accumulation in people , 1991 .

[15]  S. Jensen,et al.  DDT and PCB in Marine Animals from Swedish Waters , 1969, Nature.

[16]  H. Adami,et al.  Organochlorine compounds in relation to breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis: an assessment of the biological and epidemiological evidence. , 1995, Critical reviews in toxicology.

[17]  L. Barrie,et al.  Arctic contaminants: sources, occurrence and pathways. , 1992, The Science of the total environment.

[18]  B. Strandberg,et al.  Levels of PCBs in the aquatic environment of the Gulf of Bothnia: Benthic species and sediments , 1996 .

[19]  S. Jensen,et al.  Chlorinated terpenes and chlordane components found in fish, guillemot and seal from Swedish waters , 1979 .

[20]  D. Muir,et al.  Organochlorine contaminants in arctic marine food chains: identification, geographical distribution and temporal trends in polar bears. , 1988, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  T. Miyazaki,et al.  Isolation and structure elucidation of some components in technical grade chlordane , 1985 .

[22]  B. Strandberg,et al.  Dialysis with semipermeable membranes as an efficient lipid removal method in the analysis of bioaccumulative chemicals. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[23]  K. Suns,et al.  Spatial and Temporal Trends of Organochlorine Contaminants in Spottail Shiners from Selected Sites in the Great Lakes (1975-1990) , 1993 .

[24]  M. Perttilä,et al.  Levels and trends of organochlorines in cod and herring in the Northern Baltic , 1988 .

[25]  J. L. Zajicek,et al.  National contaminant biomonitoring program: Residues of organochlorine chemicals in U.S. Freshwater Fish, 1976–1984 , 1990, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[26]  J. Paasiv́irta,et al.  Chloroterpenes and other organochlorines in Baltic, Finnish and Arctic wildlife , 1991 .

[27]  R. Hites,et al.  Complete analysis of technical chlordane using negative ionization mass spectrometry , 1991 .

[28]  R. Eisler.  Chlordane Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review , 1990 .

[29]  S. Tanabe,et al.  Temporal trends of organochlorine concentrations in cod-liver oil from the southern Baltic proper, 1971–1989☆ , 1992 .

[30]  D Mackay,et al.  TRAKING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS , 1996 .

[31]  W. McDowell,et al.  Mirex – Photomirex Relationships in Lake Ontario , 1992 .

[32]  R. Gale,et al.  Polymeric film dialysis in organic solvent media for cleanup of organic contaminants , 1990 .

[33]  R. Tatsukawa,et al.  Bioconcentration and residue patterns of chlordane compounds in marine animals: invertebrates, fish, mammals, and seabirds. , 1988, Environmental science & technology.

[34]  I. Newton,et al.  Long-term trends in organochlorine and mercury residues in some predatory birds in Britain. , 1993, Environmental pollution.

[35]  Anders Bignert,et al.  The need for adequate biological sampling in ecotoxicological investigations: a retrospective study of twenty years pollution monitoring , 1993 .

[36]  Frank Wania,et al.  Peer reviewed: tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. , 1996, Environmental science & technology.

[37]  W. Newsome,et al.  Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in commercial fish from the Great Lakes. , 1993, Journal of AOAC International.

[38]  J. Boer.  Organochlorine compounds and bromodiphenylethers in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the North Sea, 1977-1987 , 1989 .