Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling

In spite of the fact that chain referral sampling has been widely used in qualitative sociological research, especially in the study of deviant behavior, the problems and techniques involved in its use have not been adequately explained. The procedures of chain referral sampling are not self-evident or obvious. This article attempts to rectify this methodological neglect. The article provides a description and analysis of some of the problems that were encountered and resolved in the course of using the method in a relatively large exploratory study of ex-opiate addicts.

[1]  J. Coleman Relational Analysis: The Study of Social Organizations with Survey Methods , 1958 .

[2]  H. Becker,et al.  Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. , 1964 .

[3]  B. Werble Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. , 1966 .

[4]  Robert Schasre Cessation Patterns among Neophyte Heroin Users1 , 1966 .

[5]  D. Campbell,et al.  Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences , 1966 .

[6]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory : strategies for qualitativeresearch [Glaser, 1968] , 1968 .

[7]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research aldine de gruyter , 1968 .

[8]  Julian L. Simon,et al.  Basic research methods in social science : the art of empirical investigation , 1970 .

[9]  A. Strauss,et al.  Field Research: Strategies for a Natural Sociology. , 1974 .

[10]  W. McAuliffe,et al.  A Test of Lindesmith's Theory of Addiction: The Frequency of Euphoria Among Long-Term Addicts , 1974, American Journal of Sociology.

[11]  Illicit drug distribution and dealer communication behavior. , 1974, Journal of health and social behavior.

[12]  L. Redlinger Marketing and Distributing Heroin: Some Sociological Observations , 1975 .

[13]  R. Room,et al.  Young men and drugs-a nationwide survey. , 1976, NIDA research monograph.

[14]  N. Zinberg,et al.  The natural history of "chipping". , 1976, The American journal of psychiatry.

[15]  R. Room,et al.  Young Men and Drugs--A Nationwide Survey: NIDA Research Monograph 5: (497472006-001) , 1976 .

[16]  B. Glaser Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory , 1978 .

[17]  N. Denzin,et al.  The Research Act , 1978 .

[18]  P. Biernacki,et al.  Natural Recovery from Heroin Addiction: A Review of the Incidence Literature , 1979 .

[19]  N. Zinberg,et al.  Formerly-addicted-now-controlled opiate users. , 1980, The International journal of the addictions.

[20]  P. Biernacki,et al.  The Natural Recovery from Opiate Addiction: Some Preliminary Findings , 1981 .