Transformation electromagnetics enabled lens design with surrogate-assisted global optimization

A gradient index lens is designed by utilizing quasi-conformal transformation electromagnetics (QCTEM) to define the index distribution in a rotationally symmetric lens. The smooth and continuous nature of QCTEM is investigated and an analytical surrogate model is trained to replace the computationally intensive QCTEM procedure and ray trace simulations. The surrogate model is then incorporated into an optimization strategy which is able to converge to an optimal design in substantially fewer function evaluations than a traditional global optimization scheme.

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