PHOTOCATALYTIC DECONTAMINATION AND DISINFECTION OF WATER WITH SOLAR COLLECTORS

In recent years, there has been a tremendous amount of research and development in the area of photocatalysis, a process included in a special class of oxidation techniques defined as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), all characterized by the same chemical feature, production of OH radicals. This paper reviews the use of sunlight to produce the OH radicals. The systems necessary for performing solar photocatalysis are described. The paper also summarizes most of the research related to solar photocatalytic degradation of water contaminants carried out during recent years, and how it could significantly contribute to the treatment of very persistent toxic compounds. Various solar reactors for photocatalytic water treatment based mainly on non-concentrating collectors erected during the last few years are also described in detail in this review, as well as the use of the solar photocatalytic processes to inactivate microorganisms present in water, placing special emphasis on some experimental systems erected to optimize this disinfecting technique.

[1]  S Malato,et al.  Effect of operating parameters on the testing of new industrial titania catalysts at solar pilot plant scale , 2003 .

[2]  Sixto Malato,et al.  Photo-Fenton treatment of water containing natural phenolic pollutants. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[3]  A. M. Amat,et al.  Detoxification of Aqueous Solutions Containing the Commercial Pesticide Metasystox by TiO2-Mediated Solar Photocatalysis , 2007 .

[4]  Julián Blanco,et al.  Applied studies in solar photocatalytic detoxification: an overview , 2003 .

[5]  D. Bahnemann,et al.  Solar-catalytic Treatment of an Industrial Wastewater , 1999 .

[6]  A. M. Amat,et al.  Photo-Fenton reaction for the abatement of commercial surfactants in a solar pilot plant , 2004 .

[7]  A. Fernández-Alba,et al.  Toxicity assays: a way for evaluating AOPs efficiency. , 2002, Water research.

[8]  Roberto Andreozzi,et al.  Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[9]  Sung-Hwan Lee,et al.  Inactivation of bacterial endospores by photocatalytic nanocomposites. , 2005, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[10]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  A Comparison of Solar Photocatalytic Inactivation of Waterborne E. Coli Using Tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), Rose Bengal and TiO2 , 2007 .

[11]  J. Farinha Mendes,et al.  Engineering of solar photocatalytic collectors , 2004 .

[12]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  Recent developments in the coupling of photoassisted and aerobic biological processes for the treatment of biorecalcitrant compounds , 2002 .

[13]  C. Nascimento,et al.  Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Photochemical Processes Based on Solar Energy , 2007 .

[14]  A. Trovó,et al.  Solar photodegradation of dichloroacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol using an enhanced photo-Fenton process. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[15]  Jaime Giménez,et al.  Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: a general review , 2004 .

[16]  J. Blanco,et al.  Application of the colloidal stability of TiO2 particles for recovery and reuse in solar photocatalysis. , 2003, Water research.

[17]  Laurence Gill,et al.  Solar Disinfection Kinetic Design Parameters for Continuous Flow Reactors , 2007 .

[18]  M. I. Maldonado,et al.  Decomposition of diclofenac by solar driven photocatalysis at pilot plant scale , 2005 .

[19]  S Malato,et al.  Application of time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the analysis of phototransformation products of diclofenac in water under natural sunlight. , 2005, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[20]  S Malato,et al.  Photocatalytic treatment of diuron by solar photocatalysis: evaluation of main intermediates and toxicity. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  J. Blanco,et al.  Concentrating versus non-concentrating reactors for solar photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrotoluene-o-sulfonic acid. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[22]  M. I. Maldonado,et al.  Solar efficiency of a new deposited titania photocatalyst: chlorophenol, pesticide and dye removal applications , 2003 .

[23]  T. Albanis,et al.  TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations A review , 2004 .

[24]  Paula Z. Araujo,et al.  Field Tests of the Solar Water Detoxification SOLWATER Reactor in Los Pereyra, Tucumán, Argentina , 2007 .

[25]  J. Giménez,et al.  Low-concentrating CPC collectors for photocatalytic water detoxification: Comparison with a medium concentrating solar collector , 1997 .

[26]  M. Barer,et al.  Batch process solar disinfection is an efficient means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Shigella dysenteriae type I , 2004, Letters in applied microbiology.

[27]  Gunnar Tamm,et al.  New and emerging developments in solar energy , 2004 .

[28]  J. Weber,et al.  Solar photocatalytic degradation of humic acids as a model of organic compounds of landfill leachate in pilot-plant experiments: influence of inorganic salts , 2004 .

[29]  H. Tosine,et al.  Photodechlorination of PCB's in the presence of titanium dioxide in aqueous suspensions , 1976, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[30]  Joan Rieradevall,et al.  Environmental assessment of different solar driven advanced oxidation processes , 2005 .

[31]  R. Davies‐Colley,et al.  Inactivation of enterococci and fecal coliforms from sewage and meatworks effluents in seawater chambers , 1994, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[32]  Jaehong Park,et al.  Solar Light Induced Degradation of Trichloroethylene (TCE) Using TiO2: Effects of Solar Light Intensity and Seasonal Variations , 2003, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[33]  Cao Gengyu,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphorus pesticides using floating photocatalyst TiO2 · SiO2/beads by sunlight , 2005 .

[34]  J. I. Ajona,et al.  The use of CPC collectors for detoxification of contaminated water: Design, construction and preliminary results , 2000 .

[35]  D. Bahnemann,et al.  Photocatalytic disinfection of municipal wastewater , 1998 .

[36]  Julián Blanco,et al.  Photocatalysis with solar energy at a pilot-plant scale: an overview , 2002 .

[37]  K. Schanze,et al.  Performance of nonconcentrating solar photocatalytic oxidation reactors: Part I - Flat plate configuration , 1994 .

[38]  I. Poulios,et al.  Solar photocatalytic treatment of synthetic municipal wastewater. , 2004, Water research.

[39]  J. Araña,et al.  The photocatalytic disinfection of urban waste waters. , 2000, Chemosphere.

[40]  M. Bohn,et al.  Development of solar detoxification technology in the USA - an introduction , 1991 .

[41]  L. Gill,et al.  Photocatalytic disinfection of water using low cost compound parabolic collectors , 2004 .

[42]  Detlef W. Bahnemann,et al.  Photocatalytic water treatment: solar energy applications , 2004 .

[43]  J. Giménez,et al.  Photocatalytic treatment of phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol in a solar plant in the way to scaling-up , 1999 .

[44]  Suja P. Devipriya,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of pesticide contaminants in water , 2005 .

[45]  K. McGuigan,et al.  Solar and photocatalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water. , 2005, Water research.

[46]  K. McGuigan,et al.  Effect of Batch-Process Solar Disinfection on Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Drinking Water , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[47]  J. Blanco,et al.  Solar degradation of 5-amino-6-methyl-2-benzimidazolone by TiO2 and iron(III) catalyst with H2O2 and O2 as electron acceptors , 2004 .

[48]  D. Bahnemann,et al.  Large scale studies in solar catalytic wastewater treatment , 1999 .

[49]  Detlef W. Bahnemann,et al.  Photocatalytic treatment of an industrial wastewater in the double-skin sheet reactor , 1999 .

[50]  A. W. Downing,et al.  III. Researches on the effect of light upon Bacteria and other organisms , 1878, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

[51]  S Malato,et al.  A comparison of prototype compound parabolic collector-reactors (CPC) on the road to SOLARDETOX technology. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[52]  S. Kenfack,et al.  An innovative coupled solar-biological system at field pilot scale for the treatment of biorecalcitrant pollutants , 2003 .

[53]  J. Blanco,et al.  New large solar photocatalytic plant: set-up and preliminary results. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[54]  Aniruddha B. Pandit,et al.  A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment II: hybrid methods , 2004 .

[55]  D. Goswami.  A Review of Engineering Developments of Aqueous Phase Solar Photocatalytic Detoxification and Disinfection Processes , 1997 .

[56]  J. Blanco,et al.  Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination: Effect of operational parameters , 1996 .

[57]  J. Krýsa,et al.  Inactivation of microorganisms in a flow-through photoreactor with an immobilized TiO2 layer , 1999 .

[58]  T. Nakajima,et al.  Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders , 1985 .

[59]  G. Mailhot,et al.  Fe(III)-solar light induced degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) in aqueous solutions. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[60]  G. Marcì,et al.  Photocatalytic oxidation of acetonitrile in aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide irradiated by sunlight , 2004 .

[61]  A. M. Amat,et al.  Solar photo-catalysis to remove paper mill wastewater pollutants , 2005 .

[62]  R. Scrudato,et al.  Solarcatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli in aqueous solutions using TiO2 as catalyst , 1994 .

[63]  W. Gernjak,et al.  Treatment of chlorinated solvents by TiO2 photocatalysis and photo-Fenton: influence of operating conditions in a solar pilot plant. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[64]  N. Ohashi,et al.  Visible-light-active nitrogen-containing TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by spray pyrolysis , 2005 .

[65]  Other.  Implementation of Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment, as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC of 27 February 1998: situation at 31 December 1998. (Third Report) , 2002 .

[66]  Laurence Gill,et al.  Solar disinfection of contaminated water: a comparison of three small-scale reactors , 2004 .

[67]  C. Baiocchi,et al.  Azo-dyes photocatalytic degradation in aqueous suspension of TiO2 under solar irradiation. , 2002, Chemosphere.

[68]  Alberto E. Cassano,et al.  Photocatalysis in water environments using artificial and solar light , 2000 .

[69]  V. Nadtochenko,et al.  Dynamics of E. coli membrane cell peroxidation during TiO2 photocatalysis studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and AFM microscopy , 2005 .

[70]  T. Albanis,et al.  Photocatalytic transformation of pesticides in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions using artificial and solar light: intermediates and degradation pathways , 2003 .

[71]  M. Magnuson,et al.  Analyzing drinking water for disinfection byproducts. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[72]  M. I. Maldonado,et al.  Enhancing biodegradability of priority substances (pesticides) by solar photo-Fenton. , 2006, Water research.

[73]  G. Marcì,et al.  Degradation of lincomycin in aqueous medium : Coupling of solar photocatalysis and membrane separation , 2005 .

[74]  P. Gogate,et al.  A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions , 2004 .

[75]  Orlando M. Alfano,et al.  Modeling of a flat-plate solar reactor. Degradation of formic acid by the photo-Fenton reaction , 2004 .

[76]  P. Pichat,et al.  Field solar photocatalytic purification of pesticides-containing rinse waters from tractor cisterns used for grapevine treatment , 2004 .

[77]  Julián Blanco,et al.  Large solar plant photocatalytic water decontamination : degradation of pentachlorophenol , 1993 .

[78]  J. Cavard,et al.  Effect of chlorination on the formation of odorous disinfection by-products. , 2005, Water research.

[79]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  Supported Fe/C and Fe/Nafion/C catalysts for the photo-Fenton degradation of Orange II under solar irradiation , 2005 .

[80]  A. Vogelpohl,et al.  Comparison of suspended and fixed photocatalytic reactor systems. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[81]  A. E. Jiménez,et al.  Solar photocatalytic degradation of Aldrin , 2002 .

[82]  Sixto Malato,et al.  Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton , 2004 .

[83]  Jincai Zhao,et al.  Photocatalytic decomposition of the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate surfactant in aqueous titania suspensions exposed to highly concentrated solar radiation and effects of additives , 2003 .

[84]  Christian Sattler,et al.  Compound parabolic concentrator technology development to commercial solar detoxification applications , 1999 .

[85]  J. Blanco,et al.  Water disinfection by solar photocatalysis using compound parabolic collectors , 2005 .

[86]  C. Estrada,et al.  Comparison of Solar Collection Geometries for Application to Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants , 2007 .

[87]  A. Fernández-Alba,et al.  Photo-fenton degradation of diclofenac: identification of main intermediates and degradation pathway. , 2005, Environmental Science and Technology.

[88]  Christian Sattler,et al.  Solar photocatalytic water detoxification of paper mill effluents , 2004 .

[89]  J. Blanco,et al.  New industrial titania photocatalysts for the solar detoxification of water containing various pollutants , 2002 .

[90]  D. Robert,et al.  Solar photocatalysis: a clean process for water detoxification. , 2002, Science of the Total Environment.

[91]  G. Fang,et al.  The determination and fate of disinfection by-products from ozonation of polluted raw water. , 2005, The Science of the total environment.

[92]  L Bousselmi,et al.  Textile wastewater treatment and reuse by solar catalysis: results from a pilot plant in Tunisia. , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[93]  Cesar Pulgarin,et al.  Field solar E-coli inactivation in the absence and presence of TiO2: is UV solar dose an appropriate parameter for standardization of water solar disinfection? , 2004 .

[94]  J. Araña,et al.  The Effect of Modifying TiO2 on Catechol and Resorcinol Photocatalytic Degradation , 2007 .

[95]  Cesar Pulgarin,et al.  Bactericidal action of illuminated TiO2 on pure Escherichia coli and natural bacterial consortia: post-irradiation events in the dark and assessment of the effective disinfection time , 2004 .

[96]  S. Ledakowicz,et al.  Solar energy utilization in degradation of 2-chlorophenol by immobilized photosensitizers , 2004 .

[97]  Edward J. Wolfrum,et al.  Bactericidal mode of titanium dioxide photocatalysis , 2000 .

[98]  A. Vidal,et al.  High‐Performance, Low‐Cost Solar Collectors for Disinfection of Contaminated Water , 2000, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[99]  V.Augugliaro Vaugugliaro,et al.  Sunlight photocatalytic degradation of azo-dyes in aqueous suspension of polycrystalline TiO2 , 2002 .

[100]  A. E. Jiménez,et al.  Titanium dioxide sol–gel deposited over glass and its application as a photocatalyst for water decontamination , 2004 .

[101]  V. Nadtochenko,et al.  Evidence for the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of the bacterial wall membrane at the TiO2 interface by ATR-FTIR and laser kinetic spectroscopy. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[102]  Gordon R. Finch,et al.  Modeling Chlorine Inactivation Requirements of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts , 1997 .

[103]  K. Tateda,et al.  Effect of passive immunotherapy on murine gut-derived sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. , 1999, Journal of medical microbiology.

[104]  B. A. Jubran,et al.  Prediction of the performance of a solar water detoxification system under Malaysian climatic conditions , 2000 .

[105]  Manuel Collares Pereira,et al.  New CPC Solar Collector for Planar Absorbers Immersed in Dielectrics. Application to the Treatment of Contaminated Water , 2007 .

[106]  Jincai Zhao,et al.  Assessment and influence of operational parameters on the TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of sodium benzene sulfonate under highly concentrated solar light illumination , 2001 .

[107]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  Use of coaxial photocatalytic reactor (CAPHORE) in the TiO2 photo-assisted treatment of mixed E-coli and Bacillus sp and bacterial community present in wastewater , 2005 .

[108]  Adesoji A. Adesina,et al.  Industrial exploitation of photocatalysis: progress, perspectives and prospects , 2004 .

[109]  Koji Takeuchi,et al.  Degradation of toluene and acetaldehyde with Pt-loaded TiO2 catalyst and parabolic trough concentrator , 2004 .

[110]  S. Parra,et al.  New integrated photocatalytic-biological flow system using supported TiO2 and fixed bacteria for the mineralization of isoproturon , 2002 .

[111]  C. Sattler,et al.  Destruction of the organic matter present in effluent from a cellulose and paper industry using photocatalysis , 2003 .

[112]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  Solar photolytic and photocatalytic disinfection of water at laboratory and field scale. Effect of the chemical composition of water and study of the postirradiation events , 2007 .

[113]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  Evaluation of photocatalytic disinfection of crude water for drinking-water production , 2002 .

[114]  A. Vogelpohl,et al.  Detoxification and recycling of wastewater by solar-catalytic treatment , 1997 .

[115]  Adesoji A. Adesina,et al.  CFD Analysis of the Radiation Distribution in a New Immobilized Catalyst Bubble Column Externally Illuminated Photoreactor , 2007 .

[116]  M. I. Maldonado,et al.  Solar photocatalytic degradation and detoxification of EU priority substances , 2005 .

[117]  A. Gupta,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (C.I. Basic Violet 3) on silver ion doped TiO2 , 2005 .

[118]  M. I. Maldonado,et al.  Solar heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis as a pre-treatment option for biotreatment , 2007 .

[119]  D. Barceló.  Emerging pollutants in water analysis , 2003 .

[120]  E. Oliveros,et al.  Optimization of the heterogeneous Fenton-oxidation of the model pollutant 2,4-xylidine using the optimal experimental design methodology , 2004 .

[121]  Akira Fujishima,et al.  Bactericidal and Detoxification Effects of TiO2 Thin Film Photocatalysts , 1998 .

[122]  Photocatalytic treatment of dimethoate by solar photocatalysis at pilot plant scale , 2005 .

[123]  Jincai Zhao,et al.  Solar photocatalysis, photodegradation of a commercial detergent in aqueous TiO2 dispersions under sunlight irradiation , 2004 .

[124]  M Tzschirner,et al.  Paper mill wastewater detoxification by solar photocatalysis. , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[125]  Ignacio R. Martín-Domínguez,et al.  Efficiency in the disinfection of water for human consumption in rural communities using solar radiation , 2005 .

[126]  J. Blanco,et al.  Photocatalytic treatment of water-soluble pesticides by photo-Fenton and TiO2 using solar energy , 2002 .

[127]  Edward J. Wolfrum,et al.  Application of the Photocatalytic Chemistry of Titanium Dioxide to Disinfection and the Killing of Cancer Cells , 1999 .

[128]  M. Romero,et al.  SOLAR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTANTS: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES , 1999 .

[129]  I. Poulios,et al.  Solar photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyestuff effluents , 2004 .

[130]  A. Fernández-Alba,et al.  Application of GC-MS and GC-AED to the evaluation of by-products formed by solar photo-fenton degradation of Methyl tert-butyl ether in water , 2004 .

[131]  R M Conroy,et al.  Solar disinfection: use of sunlight to decontaminate drinking water in developing countries. , 1999, Journal of medical microbiology.

[132]  C. Sattler,et al.  Solar photo-Fenton treatment of chip board production waste water , 2004 .

[133]  Cesar Pulgarin,et al.  Effect of pH, inorganic ions, organic matter and H2O2 on E. coli K12 photocatalytic inactivation by TiO2: Implications in solar water disinfection , 2004 .

[134]  R. Irusta,et al.  Decolouration of textile dyes in wastewaters by photocatalysis with TiO2 , 2005 .

[135]  M. Kuş,et al.  A comparative study of supported TiO2 as photocatalyst in water decontamination at solar pilot plant scale , 2006 .

[136]  J. F. Porter,et al.  Solar photocatalytic thin film cascade reactor for treatment of benzoic acid containing wastewater. , 2003, Water Research.

[137]  M. I. Maldonado,et al.  Degradation of pesticides in water using solar advanced oxidation processes , 2006 .

[138]  S. S. Block,et al.  Chemically Enhanced Sunlight for Killing Bacteria , 1997 .

[139]  Camilo A. Arancibia-Bulnes,et al.  Solar photoreactors comparison based on oxalic acid photocatalytic degradation , 2004 .

[140]  Yuncang Li,et al.  Photocatalytic Decolorization of Lanasol Blue CE Dye Solution Using a Flat-Plate Reactor , 2005 .