Visibility-reducing organic aerosols in the vicinity of Grand Canyon National Park: Properties observed by high resolution gas chromatography

Fine particle and total airborne particle samples were collected during August 1989 within the Grand Canyon (Indian Gardens (IG)) and on its south rim (Hopi Point (HP)) to define summertime organic aerosol concentration and composition as a function of elevation at Grand Canyon National Park. Inorganic chemical constituents were analyzed also to help place the relative importance of organics in perspective. Fine particle organic aerosols were approximately equal in concentration to sulfate aerosols at both sites. Monthly average mass concentrations for fine aerosol organics ranged from 1.1 μg m(−3) (IG) to 1.3 μg m^(−3) (HP), while the organic aerosol concentration within total suspended particulate matter samples ranged from 1.9 μg m^(−3) (IG) to 2.1 μg m^(−3) (HP). Aerosol organics that could be evaluated by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) (elutable organics) constituted 27% to 53% of the total organics mass collected as fine or total aerosol. At each site, roughly half of the elutable organics fine aerosol fraction was composed of highly polar organic compounds. Distributions of the elutable organics were compared to Los Angeles fine aerosol samples and to distributions of authentic sources of aerosol organics. It was found that the Grand Canyon organic aerosol during August 1989 did not resemble diluted aged Los Angeles organic aerosol, indicating that most of the organic particulate matter at the Grand Canyon at the time studied originated from other sources.

[1]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Quantitative High - Resolution Gas Chromatography and High - Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Carbonaceous Fine Aerosol Particles , 1987 .

[2]  L. Hildemann.  a Study of the Origin of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols , 1990 .

[3]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Mathematical modeling of urban organic aerosol : properties measured by high-resolution gas chromatography , 1993 .

[4]  G. Cass,et al.  Quantitative Characterization of Urban Sources of Organic Aerosol by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography , 1991 .

[5]  Aerosol sampling inlets and inhalable particles , 1982 .

[6]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Organics alter hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles , 1995 .

[7]  Peter H. McMurry,et al.  Issues in aerosol measurement for optics assessments , 1996 .

[8]  G. Hidy,et al.  The Character and origins of smog aerosols : a digest of results from the California aerosol characterization experiment (ACHEX) , 1980 .

[9]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  SOURCES OF FINE ORGANIC AEROSOL. 3. ROAD DUST, TIRE DEBRIS, AND ORGANOMETALLIC BRAKE LINING DUST: ROADS AS SOURCES AND SINKS , 1993 .

[10]  G. Cass,et al.  Sources of fine organic aerosol. 5. Natural gas home appliances , 1993 .

[11]  D. Blumenthal,et al.  SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF VISIBILITY‐REDUCING AEROSOLS IN SOUTHWESTERN PLUMES * , 1980 .

[12]  John H. Seinfeld,et al.  Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols , 1989 .

[13]  Rudolf B. Husar,et al.  A Lagrangian model of the Los Angeles smog aerosol. , 1976, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.

[14]  B. Simoneit,et al.  Characterization of Organic Constituents in Aerosols in Relation to Their rigin and Transport: A Review , 1986 .

[15]  W. White,et al.  Carbonaceous Particles and Regional Haze in the Western United States , 1989 .

[16]  Judith C. Chow,et al.  Chemical Mass Balance Source Apportionment of PM10 during the Southern California Air Quality Study , 1994 .

[17]  R. Rasmussen,et al.  The Molecular Composition of Secondary Aerosol Particles Formed from Terpenes , 1978 .

[18]  K. T. Knapp,et al.  The nitric acid shootout: Field comparison of measurement methods , 1988 .

[19]  J. Kahl,et al.  A tracer calibration of back trajectory analysis at the Grand Canyon , 1996 .

[20]  John H. Seinfeld,et al.  Aerosol formation in the photooxidation of isoprene and β-pinene , 1991 .

[21]  W. John,et al.  A cyclone for size-selective sampling of ambient air , 1980 .

[22]  R. Charlson,et al.  A survey of the molecular nature of primary and secondary components of particles in urban air by high-resolution mass spectrometry , 1977 .

[23]  W. White,et al.  Regional haze case studies in the southwestern U.S.—II. Source contributions☆ , 1981 .

[24]  K. Fytianos,et al.  Reaction of monoterpenes with ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide - gas-phase oxidation of SO2 and formation of sulphuric acid. , 1990 .

[25]  J. Shah,et al.  An Automated Thermal-Optical Method for the Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosol , 1981 .

[26]  K. T. Knapp,et al.  Comparison of sampling methods for carbonaceous aerosols in ambient air , 1990 .

[27]  R. E. Cox,et al.  Lipids in Harmattan aerosols of Nigeria , 1982, Nature.

[28]  A. P. Altshuller.  Review: Natural volatile organic substances and their effect on air quality in the United States , 1983 .

[29]  Aerosol composition as a function of haze and humidity levels in the Southwestern U.S. , 1994 .

[30]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Sources of fine organic aerosol. 4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants , 1993 .

[31]  P. Tidwell,et al.  Spectrophotometric Determination of Ammonia as Indophenol , 1961 .

[32]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Seasonal trends in los angeles ambient organic aerosol observed by high-resolution gas chromatography , 1994 .

[33]  S. Friedlander,et al.  Regional haze case studies in the southwestern U.S—I. Aerosol chemical composition , 1981 .

[34]  A. R. Pinder.  The chemistry of the terpenes , 1960 .

[35]  H. Laitinen,et al.  Automobile exhaust particulates. Properties of environmental significance , 1975 .

[36]  L A Currie,et al.  Sources of urban contemporary carbon aerosol. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[37]  L. N. Owen,et al.  The dicyclic terpenes and their derivatives , 1949 .

[38]  Frank Black,et al.  Methodology for Determining Particulate and Gaseous Diesel Hydrocarbon Emissions , 1979 .

[39]  G. Cass,et al.  Basinwide nitric acid and related species concentrations observed during the Claremont nitrogen species comparison study , 1986 .

[40]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Lignin pyrolysis products, lignans, and resin acids as specific tracers of plant classes in emissions from biomass combustion , 1993 .

[41]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: Identification, abundance and seasonal variation , 1993 .

[42]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Interpretation of High-Resolution Gas Chromatography and High-Resolution Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry Data Acquired from Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Samples , 1989 .

[43]  R. Flagan,et al.  The extinction coefficient of multicomponent aerosols , 1982 .

[44]  G. Cass,et al.  Characteristics of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon particle concentrations in Los Angeles. , 1986, Environmental science & technology.

[45]  John H. Seinfeld,et al.  Atmospheric oxidation of selected terpenes and related carbonyls: gas-phase carbonyl products , 1992 .

[46]  B. Turpin,et al.  Characterization of the Southwestern Desert Aerosol, Meadview, AZ. , 1997, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[47]  P. T. Roberts,et al.  RESOLVE (Research on Operations Limiting Visual Extinction) project: visibility conditions and causes of visibility degradation in the mojave desert of California. Executive summary. Report for 1983-1986 , 1988 .

[48]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Biological input to visibility-reducing aerosol particles in the remote arid southwestern United States , 1991 .

[49]  J. Huntzicker,et al.  Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol: Face velocity effects , 1986 .

[50]  S. Pratsinis.  Motor Vehicle Contributions to Fine Carbonaceous Aerosol in Los Angeles , 1994 .

[51]  G. Cass,et al.  Methods of analysis for complex organic aerosol mixtures from urban emission sources of particulate carbon , 1990 .

[52]  Y. Yokouchi,et al.  AEROSOLS FORMED FROM THE CHEMICAL REACTION OF MONOTERPENES AND OZONE , 1985 .

[53]  J. Hahn.  ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF NATURAL AEROSOLS * , 1980 .

[54]  R. Charlson,et al.  Molecular composition of secondary aerosol and its possible origin , 1975 .

[55]  Randal S. Martin,et al.  Measurement of isoprene and its atmospheric oxidation products in a central Pennsylvania deciduous forest , 1991 .

[56]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol , 1991 .

[57]  B. Simoneit.  Organic matter of the troposphere—III. Characterization and sources of petroleum and pyrogenic residues in aerosols over the western united states , 1984 .

[58]  G. Cass,et al.  Los Angeles Summer Midday Particulate Carbon: Primary and Secondary Aerosol , 1991 .

[59]  J C Chow,et al.  Validation of the chemical mass balance receptor model applied to hydrocarbon source apportionment in the southern california air quality study. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[60]  T. G. Dzubay.  X-ray fluorescence analysis of environmental samples , 1977 .

[61]  B. Simoneit,et al.  Organic Matter of the Troposphere-II. Natural Background of biogenic lipid matter in aerosols over the rural western United States ††Contribution No. 2088: Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles. , 2007 .

[62]  B. Simoneit,et al.  Application of Molecular Marker Analysis to Vehicular Exhaust for Source Reconciliations , 1985 .

[63]  G. Cass,et al.  Emissions and Air Quality Relationships for Atmospheric Carbon Particles in Los Angeles , 1982 .

[64]  W. Malm,et al.  Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States , 1994 .

[65]  K. Hunter,et al.  Relationship between the lipid compositions of marine aerosols, the sea surface microlayer, and subsurface water , 1979 .

[66]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport , 1992 .

[67]  H. Akimoto,et al.  Reactions of ozone with α‐pinene and β‐pinene in air: Yields of gaseous and particulate products , 1989 .

[68]  B. Juniper,et al.  The cuticles of plants , 1971 .

[69]  W. A. Poucher.  Perfumes, cosmetics, and soaps , 1959 .

[70]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks , 1993 .

[71]  L. Claxton,et al.  Mutagenicity and chemical characteristics of carbonaceous particulate matter from vehicles on the road. , 1983, Environmental science & technology.

[72]  John Trijonis,et al.  Effect of diesel vehicles on visibility in California. , 1984 .