An Analysis Of Knowledge, Skills And Attitude Of Vegetable Growers Regarding Pesticide Use For Sustainable Environmental Health In The Punjab, Pakistan

Pakistan’s environment is favorable for pest population growth. Among all crops, vegetables are more vulnerable to the attack of a number of pests. Most of the vegetable crops are sprayed on daily basis and pose a serious threat to humans and environment. In the same context, the present study was designed to analyze the knowledge, skills and attitude of vegetable growers for identification and prioritization of training needs regarding pesticide use for sustainable environmental health and to suggest remedies for the betterment of prevailing situation. Population of study was potato growers in two districts (i.e. Jhang and Okara) which were selected purposely because of top potato growing districts in the Punjab.Two tehsils (Dapalpur and Chinot), one from each district was selected randomly.Sampling frame was constructed by enlisting all potato growers residing in the tehsils and a sample of 367 growers was selected. Data were collected through personal interviews with the help of validated research instrument. On the basis of overall possessed knowledge of the respondents, the training need assessed was at highest level in the area of ill health effects recognition.On the basis of overall possessed skill level, the training need assessed was at highest level in the area of maintenance of pesticide applicator. The respondents also gave their preferences for different aspects of training program to be arranged in future on the basis of training needs assessed in different aspects of pesticide use for sustainable environment health.

[1]  C. Leeuwis Communication for Rural Innovation: Rethinking Agricultural Extension , 2004 .

[2]  D. Revitt,et al.  The influence of personal protection, environmental hygiene and exposure to pesticides on the health of immigrant farm workers in a desert country , 1999, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[3]  D. J. Gustafson,et al.  Agricultural Extension: Worldwide Institutional Evolution and Forces for Change , 1991 .

[4]  Chava Nachmias,et al.  Research Methods in the Social Sciences , 1976 .

[5]  A. Banjo,et al.  Farmers' knowledge and perception of horticultural insect pest problems in southwestern Nigeria , 2003 .

[6]  Aijaz Ali A STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PESTICIDE EXTENSION AND MARKETING SERVICES FOR COTTON CROP , 2008 .

[7]  Isabelle Baldi,et al.  Pesticides in Lebanon: a knowledge, attitude, and practice study. , 2004, Environmental research.

[8]  Sanzidur Rahman,et al.  Farm-level pesticide use in Bangladesh: determinants and awareness ☆ , 2003 .

[9]  Pest Management Recommendations and Water Quality Concerns: An Illinois Agribusiness Perspective1 , 2002, Weed Technology.

[10]  Jikun Huang,et al.  Farm Pesticide, Rice Production, and Human Health , 2000 .

[11]  Y Mekonnen,et al.  Pesticide sprayers' knowledge, attitude and practice of pesticide use on agricultural farms of Ethiopia. , 2002, Occupational medicine.

[12]  P. J. Chilton,et al.  Mechanisms of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticides , 1991 .

[13]  Timo Partanen,et al.  Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs , 1997, International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation.

[14]  Alan P. Nielsen,et al.  Protective clothing and the agricultural worker , 1986 .

[15]  H. E. Ozkan A Survey on Attitudes of Applicators Toward Pesticide Application and Waste Reduction , 1992 .

[16]  M. Loevinsohn,et al.  INSECTICIDE USE AND INCREASED MORTALITY IN RURAL CENTRAL LUZON, PHILIPPINES , 1987, The Lancet.

[17]  M. Lasarev,et al.  Pesticide knowledge and risk perception among adolescent Latino farmworkers. , 2002, Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health.

[18]  Fred Fishel 1995 Missouri Private Applicator Survey , 2008 .

[19]  Munir Ahmad,et al.  Dilemmas of agricultural extension in Pakistan: food for thought. , 2001 .

[20]  L. Davis Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts , 1992 .

[21]  Kong Luen Heong,et al.  Insect management beliefs and practices of rice farmers in Laos , 2002 .

[22]  J. Potter,et al.  Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. , 1996, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[23]  W P Carr,et al.  Factors associated with safe use of agricultural pesticides in Minnesota. , 1996, The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association.

[24]  S. Dasgupta,et al.  Pesticide use in Brazil in the era of agroindustrialization and globalization , 2001, Environment and Development Economics.

[25]  A Spurgeon,et al.  The problems associated with pesticide use by irrigation workers in Ghana. , 1997, Occupational medicine.

[26]  M. Smith Contemporary Communication Research Methods , 1988 .

[27]  E. Rogers Diffusion of Innovations , 1962 .

[28]  David Zilberman,et al.  Financial incentives and pesticide use , 1997 .

[29]  Michael J. Dover,et al.  A Better Mousetrap: Improving Pest Management for Agriculture , 1985 .

[30]  Tina Corinna Schlosser Local Realities and Structural Constraints of Agricultural Health: Pesticide Poisoning of Jamaican Small-holders , 1999 .

[31]  W Batel,et al.  Exposure Measurements Concerning Protective Clothing in Agriculture , 1988 .

[32]  D Coggon,et al.  Determinants of safe behaviour in farmers when working with pesticides. , 1994, Occupational medicine.

[33]  Irene Roxas Tanzo,et al.  Women and pesticide management in the Philippines: An assessment of roles and knowledge , 2005 .

[34]  S. Deller Local Government Structure, Devolution, and Privatization , 1998 .

[35]  L A McCauley,et al.  Assessing pesticide safety knowledge among Hispanic migrant farmworkers in Oregon. , 2004, Journal of agricultural safety and health.

[36]  Greathead Mm A REVIEW OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN SOUTH AFRICA WITH REFERENCE TO HUMAN INFECTION. , 1964 .

[37]  Å. Thörn,et al.  Pests, Peasants, and Pesticides on the Northern Nicaroguan Pacific Plain , 2001, International journal of occupational and environmental health.

[38]  D. Purcell Agricultural extension and research : achievements and problems in national systems , 1997 .

[39]  M. Waseem Local Power Structures and the Relevance of Rural Development Strategies: A Case Study of Pakistan , 1982 .

[40]  G. Georghiou,et al.  Overview of insecticide resistance , 1990 .

[41]  I. Bekele,et al.  Use patterns and residual levels of organophosphate pesticides on vegetables in Trinidad, West Indies. , 1999, Journal of AOAC International.

[42]  Aya H. Kimura,et al.  Perceptions and Pesticides Use Practices of Rice Farmers in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan , 2003 .

[43]  M. Acunzo,et al.  Agricultural extension, rural development and the food security challenge. , 2003 .

[44]  E. Rogers Diffusion of Innovations, Fourth Edition , 1982 .

[45]  Arvind Kumar Environmental Pollution and Agriculture , 2002 .

[46]  R. Repetto,et al.  Pesticides and the immune system: the public health risks. Executive summary. , 1996, Central European journal of public health.

[47]  Prabhu Pingali,et al.  Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmers' health: an economic assessment. , 1993 .

[48]  B. Dinham The Pesticide Hazard: A Global Health and Environmental Audit , 1993 .

[49]  R. Jackson,et al.  Environmental pesticide illness and injury - The need for a national surveillance system , 1999 .

[50]  John Vontas,et al.  An Overview of Insecticide Resistance , 2002, Science.

[51]  Riikka Rajalahti,et al.  Strengthening agricultural extension and advisory systems : procedures for assessing, transforming, and evaluating extension systems , 2010 .

[52]  J. Jeyaratnam Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. , 1990, World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales.

[53]  C. Sivayoganathan,et al.  Protective measure use and symptoms among agropesticide applicators in Sri Lanka. , 1995, Social science & medicine.

[54]  Y. Mohiuddin Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook , 2006 .

[55]  P. Pingali,et al.  Impact of Pesticides on Farmer Health and the Rice Environment , 1995, Natural Resource Management and Policy.

[56]  Lynn Lyons Morris,et al.  How to design a program evaluation , 1978 .

[57]  G. Forget Pesticides : necessary but dangerous poisons , 1989 .

[58]  Badar Naseem Siddiqui,et al.  Effectiveness of Different Communication Methods/Media Used By Novartis Pesticide Company in Tehsil Arifwala , 2002 .

[59]  A. Hurtig,et al.  Pesticide Use among Farmers in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador , 2003, Archives of environmental health.

[60]  P. Tchounwou,et al.  Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Usage in Menia El-Kamh Province of Sharkia Governorate in Egypt , 2002 .

[61]  P. Layde,et al.  Farm pesticides: outcomes of a randomized controlled intervention to reduce risks. , 2003, American journal of preventive medicine.

[62]  G. Matthews,et al.  A survey of pesticide application in Cameroon , 2003 .

[63]  R. Cook The Population Reference Bureau , 1953 .

[64]  Nick Buckley,et al.  Pesticide poisoning in the developing world—a minimum pesticides list , 2002, The Lancet.

[65]  Badar Naseem Siddiqui,et al.  EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF MANGO GROWERS ON THE ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES , 2002 .

[66]  M. Yassin,et al.  Knowledge, attitude, practice, and toxicity symptoms associated with pesticide use among farm workers in the Gaza Strip , 2002, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[67]  C. Hospedales,et al.  Attitudes and practices of pesticide users in Saint Lucia, West Indies. , 1993, Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization.

[68]  R. Dunlap,et al.  Understanding Public Concerns about Pesticides: An Empirical Examination , 1992 .

[69]  G. Forget Pesticides and the Third World. , 1979, Tropical doctor.

[70]  George Ware,et al.  The Pesticide Book , 1979 .

[71]  J. Mumford,et al.  Insecticide use in cabbage pest management in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia , 2005 .