How Real Are Changes Induced by Management by Objectives

June 1976, volume 21 Data were collected in two organizations, initially at two time points (t1 and t 2) to assess the effects of management by objectives and how various components of MBO were related to each other one time. Cross-lag correlational techniques were used to draw causal inferences. This analysis resulted in a "model" of MBO and a conclusion that the subjects' perceptions of MBO changed over time. However, a no-change conclusion was also justified. False contradictory conclusions were tested against models developed, based on assumptions of change and nochange. A third measurement (t 3) was taken in one firm. The conclusion that change had taken place was stronger, but several important methodological issues of self-report data are highlighted.