Experimental and clinical basis for the use of statins in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

[1]  A M Zeiher,et al.  HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. , 2001, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[2]  J. Liao Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins. , 2002, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[3]  G. Keren,et al.  Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and clinical outcome in patients with congestive heart failure , 2007, Heart.

[4]  Young Kun Kim,et al.  Statin inhibits interferon-γ-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells , 2002, Experimental & Molecular Medicine.

[5]  T. Chou,et al.  Association of Pravastatin and Left Ventricular Mass in Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Role of 8-Iso-Prostaglandin F2&agr; Formation , 2002, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[6]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. , 1995, JAMA.

[7]  Mark A Sussman,et al.  The Rac and Rho Hall of Fame: A Decade of Hypertrophic Signaling Hits , 2006, Circulation research.

[8]  A. Quyyumi,et al.  Effect of atherosclerosis on endothelium-dependent inhibition of platelet activation in humans. , 1998, Circulation.

[9]  I. Hargreaves Ubiquinone: cholesterol's reclusive cousin , 2003, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[10]  N. Laird,et al.  Meta-analysis in clinical trials. , 1986, Controlled clinical trials.

[11]  H. Krumholz,et al.  Statins and Mortality Among Elderly Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure , 2006, Circulation.

[12]  R. Berger,et al.  Effects of statin therapy on arrhythmic events and survival in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[13]  R. Prescott,et al.  Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart). , 1998, Circulation.

[14]  W. Hofmann,et al.  HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Reduce Senescence and Increase Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells via Regulation of Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes , 2003, Circulation research.

[15]  D. DeMets,et al.  Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  J. Tu,et al.  Statin use and survival outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[17]  CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[18]  N. Kobayashi,et al.  Critical role of Rho-kinase pathway for cardiac performance and remodeling in failing rat hearts. , 2002, Cardiovascular research.

[19]  J. Liao,et al.  Rho GTPases, statins, and nitric oxide. , 2005, Circulation research.

[20]  Frank J. Gonzalez,et al.  Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Negatively Regulates the Vascular Inflammatory Gene Response by Negative Cross-talk with Transcription Factors NF-κB and AP-1* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[21]  I. Zucker,et al.  Simvastatin Normalizes Autonomic Neural Control in Experimental Heart Failure , 2003, Circulation.

[22]  H. Dargie,et al.  Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[23]  H. Izawa,et al.  Pitavastatin Improves Cardiac Function and Survival in Association With Suppression of the Myocardial Endothelin System in a Rat Model of Hypertensive Heart Failure , 2006, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[24]  Fach,et al.  Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in-Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF) , 1999, The Lancet.

[25]  P. Mulder,et al.  Transient reduction in myocardial free oxygen radical levels is involved in the improved cardiac function and structure after long-term allopurinol treatment initiated in established chronic heart failure. , 2005, European heart journal.

[26]  Min-sheng Chen,et al.  Statins initiated after hypertrophy inhibit oxidative stress and prevent heart failure in rats with aortic stenosis. , 2004, Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.

[27]  J. Cohn,et al.  Statins and symptomatic chronic systolic heart failure: a post-hoc analysis of 5010 patients enrolled in Val-HeFT. , 2007, International journal of cardiology.

[28]  H. Oral,et al.  Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  K. Nagata,et al.  Pravastatin increases survival and suppresses an increase in myocardial matrix metalloproteinase activity in a rat model of heart failure. , 2006, Cardiovascular research.

[30]  A. Omran,et al.  Increased oxidative stress in patients with congestive heart failure. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[31]  F. Recchia,et al.  Preservation of NO production by statins in the treatment of heart failure. , 2003, Cardiovascular research.

[32]  A. Tonkin,et al.  The rosuvastatin impact on ventricular remodeling cytokines and neurohormones (UNIVERSE) study , 2006 .

[33]  R. Tieleman,et al.  Statins associated with reduced mortality in patients admitted for congestive heart failure. , 2006, Journal of cardiac failure.

[34]  H. Fillit,et al.  Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  K. Node,et al.  Statins as antioxidant therapy for preventing cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. , 2001, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[36]  A. Zeiher,et al.  Phosphorylation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase at Ser‐1177 is required for VEGF‐induced endothelial cell migration , 2000, FEBS letters.

[37]  C. Stefanadis,et al.  Effects of combined administration of low dose atorvastatin and vitamin E on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in patients with heart failure , 2005, European journal of heart failure.

[38]  D. Mark,et al.  Statin use was associated with reduced mortality in both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy and in patients with implantable defibrillators: mortality data and mechanistic insights from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT). , 2007, American heart journal.

[39]  Federica Limana,et al.  Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  W. Aronow,et al.  Frequency of congestive heart failure in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > or = 125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[41]  A. Takeshita,et al.  Long-Term Inhibition of Rho-Kinase Suppresses Left Ventricular Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in Mice , 2004, Circulation.

[42]  P. van der Harst,et al.  Effect of intensive versus moderate lipid lowering on endothelial function and vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in stable coronary artery disease. , 2005, The American journal of cardiology.

[43]  V. Starc,et al.  Atorvastatin therapy increases heart rate variability, decreases QT variability, and shortens QTc interval duration in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. , 2005, Journal of cardiac failure.

[44]  Richard T. Lee,et al.  Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Limits Left Ventricular Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in Mice , 2001, Circulation.

[45]  C. Heeschen,et al.  Beneficial effects of statins in patients with non-ischemic heart failure , 2004, Zeitschrift für Kardiologie.

[46]  J. Ruskin,et al.  Reduction in ventricular tachyarrhythmias with statins in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT)-II. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[47]  S. Anker,et al.  The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis , 2000, The Lancet.

[48]  L. Tavazzi,et al.  Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure , 2004, European journal of heart failure.

[49]  A. Clerk,et al.  Small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and myocardial hypertrophy. , 2000, Circulation research.

[50]  M. Hori,et al.  Short-Term Statin Therapy Improves Cardiac Function and Symptoms in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy , 2003, Circulation.

[51]  Jian-Mei Li,et al.  Fluvastatin Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of a Selective Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Valsartan, on Vascular Neointimal Formation , 2003, Circulation.

[52]  M P Bevilacqua,et al.  Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. , 1993, Annual review of immunology.

[53]  M. Sabatine,et al.  Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[54]  S. Lerakis,et al.  Atorvastatin improves left ventricular systolic function and serum markers of inflammation in nonischemic heart failure. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[55]  R. Brook,et al.  Neutral effect on markers of heart failure, inflammation, endothelial activation and function, and vagal tone after high-dose HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in non-diabetic patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and average low-density lipoprotein level. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[56]  U. Laufs,et al.  Oxygen Free Radical Release in Human Failing Myocardium Is Associated With Increased Activity of Rac1-GTPase and Represents a Target for Statin Treatment , 2003, Circulation.

[57]  U. Laufs,et al.  Isoprenoid metabolism and the pleiotropic effects of statins , 2003, Current atherosclerosis reports.

[58]  J. Shyy,et al.  Statins Activate AMP-Activated Protein Kinase In Vitro and In Vivo , 2006, Circulation.

[59]  A. Khasnis,et al.  Statin Therapy Is Associated With Improved Survival in Ischemic and Non‐Ischemic Heart Failure , 2004 .

[60]  R. Karas,et al.  Effect of the magnitude of lipid lowering on risk of elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis, and cancer: insights from large randomized statin trials. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[61]  S. Goldman,et al.  Simvastatin restores endothelial NO-mediated vasorelaxation in large arteries after myocardial infarction. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[62]  F. Mach,et al.  Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator , 2000, Nature Medicine.

[63]  R. Busse,et al.  Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation , 1999, Nature.

[64]  O. Faergeman,et al.  The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. , 1997, Journal of cardiac failure.

[65]  U. Laufs,et al.  Impact of HMG CoA reductase inhibition on small GTPases in the heart. , 2002, Cardiovascular research.

[66]  H. Krum,et al.  IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ATORVASTATIN ON CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR VENTRICULAR REMODELLING , 2005, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.

[67]  R. Muniyappa,et al.  Rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, decreases cardiac oxidative stress and remodeling in Ren2 transgenic rats. , 2007, Endocrinology.

[68]  B. Pitt,et al.  Effects of HMG‐COA reductase inhibitors (statins) in patients with heart failure , 2000 .

[69]  A. Tonkin,et al.  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of high-dose HMG CoA reductase inhibitor therapy on ventricular remodeling, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurohormonal parameters in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. , 2007, Journal of cardiac failure.

[70]  G. Nickenig,et al.  Angiotensin AT1 receptor over-expression in hypercholesterolaemia , 2000, Annals of medicine.

[71]  Mark A Sussman,et al.  Role of Rac1 GTPase activation in atrial fibrillation. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[72]  U. Laufs Beyond lipid-lowering: effects of statins on endothelial nitric oxide , 2003, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[73]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Statin therapy is associated with lower mortality among patients with severe heart failure. , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[74]  A. Curcio,et al.  Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor Simvastatin Prevents Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Pressure Overload and Inhibits p21 ras Activation , 2002, Circulation.

[75]  D. Hayoz,et al.  Endothelial function in congestive heart failure. , 1993, American heart journal.

[76]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial , 2002, The Lancet.

[77]  H. Krum,et al.  Impact of Statin Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure Patients According to Beta-Blocker Use: Results of CIBIS II , 2006, Cardiology.

[78]  P. Ponikowski,et al.  Statin use and survival in patients with chronic heart failure--results from two observational studies with 5200 patients. , 2006, International journal of cardiology.

[79]  G. Schuler,et al.  Exercise Capacity in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Regular Physical Exercise Corrects Endothelial Dysfunction and Improves , 1998 .

[80]  C. Sartori,et al.  Cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of nitric oxide inhibition at rest and during static exercise in humans. , 1997, Circulation.

[81]  J. Langberg,et al.  Lipid-lowering drug use is associated with reduced prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. , 2006, Heart rhythm.

[82]  F. Fyhrquist,et al.  Atorvastatin completely inhibits VEGF-induced ACE upregulation in human endothelial cells. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[83]  A. Go,et al.  Statin therapy and risks for death and hospitalization in chronic heart failure. , 2006, JAMA.

[84]  A. Yoshimura,et al.  Regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammation. , 2002, Cytokine & growth factor reviews.

[85]  G. Nickenig,et al.  Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hypercholesterolemic men. , 1999, Circulation.

[86]  C. Holt,et al.  Interleukin-1 in myocardium and coronary arteries of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. , 1998, Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.

[87]  C. Behl,et al.  Selenoprotein synthesis and side-effects of statins , 2004, The Lancet.

[88]  A. Shah,et al.  Increased myocardial NADPH oxidase activity in human heart failure. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[89]  J. Tamargo,et al.  Lipid-lowering therapy with statins, a new approach to antiarrhythmic therapy. , 2007, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[90]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  The effects of atorvastatin (10 mg) on systemic inflammation in heart failure. , 2005, The American journal of cardiology.

[91]  S. Thompson,et al.  Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[92]  D. Mann,et al.  Mechanisms and models in heart failure: A combinatorial approach. , 1999, Circulation.

[93]  G. Smith,et al.  Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test , 1997, BMJ.

[94]  W. Zareba,et al.  Relation of heart rate turbulence to severity of heart failure. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[95]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Overview of Randomized Trials of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients With Heart Failure , 1995 .

[96]  G. Dallner,et al.  Effects of inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase on coenzyme Q and dolichol biosynthesis , 2004, The clinical investigator.

[97]  D. Sane,et al.  Statin Therapy May Be Associated With Lower Mortality in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure: A Preliminary Report , 2005, Circulation.

[98]  G. Dallner,et al.  Metabolism and function of coenzyme Q. , 2004, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[99]  D. Harrison,et al.  Vascular Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Role of Xanthine-Oxidase and Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase , 2002, Circulation.

[100]  Masahiro Ito,et al.  Statins Inhibit &bgr;-Adrenergic Receptor–Stimulated Apoptosis in Adult Rat Ventricular Myocytes via a Rac1-Dependent Mechanism , 2004, Circulation.

[101]  Joanna M. Young,et al.  Endothelium-ameliorating effects of statin therapy and coenzyme Q10 reductions in chronic heart failure. , 2005, Atherosclerosis.

[102]  G. Fonarow,et al.  Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[103]  M. Clearfield Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. , 2009, Current atherosclerosis reports.

[104]  M. Zembala,et al.  Usefulness of atorvastatin in patients with heart failure due to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy and elevated cholesterol levels. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.