“I Would Just Ask Someone”: Learning Feature-Rich Design Software in the Modern Workplace

Design professionals increasingly need to learn and use multiple feature-rich software to design complex artifacts in a variety of domains. In this work, we aimed to understand how design professionals learn new software features and seek help in today’s modern workplace of interconnected spaces and increased access to shared online learning resources. We conducted 20 interviews with design professionals working in different disciplines such as architecture and planning, construction, structural design, and broadcast media, who used complex feature-rich applications on a daily basis. We found that despite the wide availability of learning resources on the web and decades of research dedicated to workplace knowledge management tools, design professionals still rely heavily on interpersonal help-seeking. Furthermore, while companies have devised a variety of technological channels to answer employees’ help requests, such intermediate tools were often abandoned, and help-seeking conversations shifted to face-to-face learning episodes. Our findings point to design opportunities and shortcomings in the design of remote communication tools when seeking help for feature-rich software applications.

[1]  William Easley,et al.  Understanding The Experiences of Youth In Collaborative Technical Workplaces , 2018, CSCW Companion.

[2]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  TwitApp: in-product micro-blogging for design sharing , 2011, UIST '11.

[3]  Kristina Shea,et al.  Towards integrated performance-driven generative design tools , 2004 .

[4]  David K. Farkas,et al.  The role of balloon help , 1993, ASTR.

[5]  M. S. Ackerman,et al.  Answer Garden: a tool for growing organizational memory , 2015, COCS '90.

[6]  Mehrbakhsh Nilashi,et al.  Collaborative filtering recommender systems , 2013 .

[7]  David G. Novick,et al.  The macro-structure of use of help , 2009, SIGDOC.

[8]  Mark S. Ackerman,et al.  Just talk to me: a field study of expertise location , 1998, CSCW '98.

[9]  Wayne G. Lutters,et al.  Understanding How Youth Employees Use Slack , 2018, CSCW Companion.

[10]  Simon Fraser,et al.  Social CheatSheet: An Interactive Community-Curated Information Overlay for Web Applications , 2017 .

[11]  Michael Twidale,et al.  Over the Shoulder Learning: Supporting Brief Informal Learning , 2005, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[12]  Lee Sproull,et al.  What's Mine Is Ours, or Is It? A Study of Attitudes about Information Sharing , 1994, Inf. Syst. Res..

[13]  Caitlin Kelleher,et al.  Stencils-based tutorials: design and evaluation , 2005, CHI.

[14]  Mark S. Ackerman,et al.  QuME: a mechanism to support expertise finding in online help-seeking communities , 2007, UIST.

[15]  Tobias Ley,et al.  How Do People Learn at the Workplace? Investigating Four Workplace Learning Assumptions , 2007, EC-TEL.

[16]  Scott R. Klemmer,et al.  RePlay: Contextually Presenting Learning Videos Across Software Applications , 2019, CHI.

[17]  Emerson R. Murphy-Hill,et al.  How Do Users Discover New Tools in Software Development and Beyond? , 2015, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[18]  Xu Wang,et al.  Leveraging Community-Generated Videos and Command Logs to Classify and Recommend Software Workflows , 2018, CHI.

[19]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  ToolClips: an investigation of contextual video assistance for functionality understanding , 2010, CHI.

[20]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines , 2009, CHI.

[21]  Judith S. Olson,et al.  Distance Matters , 2000, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[22]  Volker Wulf,et al.  Expert recommender systems in practice: evaluating semi-automatic profile generation , 2009, CHI.

[23]  Wendy A. Kellogg,et al.  The adoption and use of BABBLE: A field study of chat in the workplace , 1999, ECSCW.

[24]  Frank Linton,et al.  OWL: A Recommender System for Organization-Wide Learning , 2000, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[25]  Holger Winnemöller,et al.  DiscoverySpace: Suggesting Actions in Complex Software , 2016, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[26]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Building user-centered on-line help , 1995 .

[27]  David G. Novick,et al.  Why don't people read the manual? , 2006, SIGDOC '06.

[28]  Adam Fourney,et al.  InterTwine: creating interapplication information scent to support coordinated use of software , 2014, UIST.

[29]  Dorothy A. Leonard,et al.  Transferring Knowledge Between Projects at NASA JPL (A) , 2016 .

[30]  John Millar Carroll The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill , 1990 .

[31]  Mira Dontcheva,et al.  Pause-and-play: automatically linking screencast video tutorials with applications , 2011, UIST.

[32]  Charles L. A. Clarke,et al.  Characterizing large-scale use of a direct manipulation application in the wild , 2010, Graphics Interface.

[33]  David G. Novick,et al.  Help-based tutorials , 2008, SIGDOC '08.

[34]  John Rieman,et al.  A field study of exploratory learning strategies , 1996, TCHI.

[35]  Andrew Clement,et al.  Cooperative support for computer work: a social perspective on the empowering of end users , 1990, CSCW '90.

[36]  John Rieman,et al.  The diary study: a workplace-oriented research tool to guide laboratory efforts , 1993, INTERCHI.

[37]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  Community enhanced tutorials: improving tutorials with multiple demonstrations , 2013, CHI.

[38]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  A multi-site field study of crowdsourced contextual help: usage and perspectives of end users and software teams , 2013, CHI.

[39]  Volker Wulf,et al.  Sharing Knowledge and Expertise: The CSCW View of Knowledge Management , 2013, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[40]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  Investigating How Online Help and Learning Resources Support Children's Use of 3D Design Software , 2018, CHI.

[41]  Dominik Kowald,et al.  The social semantic server: a flexible framework to support informal learning at the workplace , 2015, I-KNOW.

[42]  Volker Wulf,et al.  Pruning the Answer Garden: Knowledge Sharing in Maintenance Engineering , 2003, ECSCW.

[43]  William Jones,et al.  Keeping Found Things Found: The Study and Practice of Personal Information Management: The Study and Practice of Personal Information Management , 2007 .

[44]  Denise L. Peroune Tacit knowledge in the workplace: the facilitating role of peer relationships , 2007 .

[45]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  Characterizing Web-Based Tutorials: Exploring Quality, Community, and Showcasing Strategies , 2014, SIGDOC.

[46]  Ken Eason,et al.  Information technology and organisational change , 1988 .

[47]  Stina Matthiesen,et al.  Does Distance Still Matter? Revisiting the CSCW Fundamentals on Distributed Collaboration , 2014, TCHI.

[48]  Mark S. Ackerman Definitional and contextual issues in organizational and group memories , 1994, Inf. Technol. People.

[49]  Jacob O. Wobbrock,et al.  LemonAid: selection-based crowdsourced contextual help for web applications , 2012, CHI.

[50]  Kate Ehrlich,et al.  Searching for expertise , 2008, CHI.

[51]  Eileen M. Trauth,et al.  The Organizational Interface: A Method for Supporting End Users of Packaged Software , 1992, MIS Q..

[52]  Sharoda A. Paul,et al.  Find an Expert: Designing Expert Selection Interfaces for Formal Help-Giving , 2016, CHI.

[53]  Björn Hartmann,et al.  Delta: a tool for representing and comparing workflows , 2012, CHI.

[54]  Saul Greenberg,et al.  The Computer User as Toolsmith: The Use, Reuse and Organization of Computer-Based Tools , 1993 .

[55]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  Task-centric interfaces for feature-rich software , 2014, OZCHI.

[56]  David G. Novick,et al.  The micro-structure of use of help , 2009, SIGDOC.

[57]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  IP-QAT: in-product questions, answers, & tips , 2011, UIST.

[58]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  Beyond "One-Size-Fits-All": Understanding the Diversity in How Software Newcomers Discover and Make Use of Help Resources , 2019, CHI.

[59]  Noriko Hara,et al.  Communities of Practice: Fostering Peer-to-Peer Learning and Informal Knowledge Sharing in the Work Place , 2008 .

[60]  John Millar Carroll Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction , 2003 .

[61]  Pamela Jordan Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques , 1994 .

[62]  Marc Rettig,et al.  Nobody reads documentation , 1991, CACM.

[63]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  Switter: Supporting Exploration of Software Learning Materials on Social Media , 2016, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[64]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  TaggedComments: promoting and integrating user comments in online application tutorials , 2014, CHI.

[65]  Elizabeth A. Smith The role of tacit and explicit knowledge in the workplace , 2001, J. Knowl. Manag..

[66]  Irma Becerra-Fernandez,et al.  Searching for experts on the Web: A review of contemporary expertise locator systems , 2006, TOIT.

[67]  Judith S. Olson,et al.  How to make distance work work , 2014, INTR.