In situ dynamic piezocone penetrometer tests in natural clayey soils — a reappraisal of strain-rate corrections

Cone penetration testing with pore pressure measurement (CPTU) is a cost- and time-efficient way of collecting in situ geotechnical parameters of near-surface marine soils for cable and pipeline tracks, offshore foundations, and geohazard identification. The measured dynamic CPTU parameters (cone penetration resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure) are higher than the measured static CPTU parameters. This mismatch is caused by the different penetration rates used for dynamic and static CPTU tests (dynamic tests have up to 500 times higher penetration rates than the static tests; i.e., with the commonly used 2 cm/s penetration rate). This study presents comprehensive Calypso piston and gravity core as well as dynamic and static CPTU datasets acquired in the landslide-prone Sorfjorden area (Finneidfjord, northern Norway). The fjord-marine sediments at the study site are characterized as normally consolidated to slightly over consolidated clay-dominated soils with embedded layers of sandy silt to sand. Th...

[1]  H. Eyring.  Viscosity, Plasticity, and Diffusion as Examples of Absolute Reaction Rates , 1936 .

[2]  K. Laidler,et al.  The theory of rate processes : the kinetics of chemical reactions, viscosity, diffusion and electrochemical phenomena , 1941 .

[3]  K. Terzaghi.  Theoretical Soil Mechanics , 1943 .

[4]  Panama Canal - The Sea-Level Project: A Symposium: Strength of Soils under Dynamic Loads , 1948 .

[5]  A. Casacrande,et al.  Effect of Rate of Loading on the Strength of Clays and Shales at Constant Water Content , 1951 .

[6]  J. Moum.  Falling Drop Used for Grain-Size Analysis of Fine-Grained Materials , 1965 .

[7]  F. James.  Statistical Methods in Experimental Physics , 1973 .

[8]  U. Dayal,et al.  Use of an impact penetrometer for the evaluation of the in‐situ strength of marine sediments , 1975 .

[9]  John H. Allen,et al.  THE EFFECT OF PENETRATION RATE ON THE STRENGTH OF REMOLDED CLAY AND SAND SAMPLES , 1975 .

[10]  James K. Mitchell,et al.  Fundamentals of soil behavior , 1976 .

[11]  Harry G. Poulos,et al.  Stress deformation and strength characteristics , 1977 .

[12]  Gholamreza Mesri,et al.  Time and Stress-Compressibility Interrelationship , 1977 .

[13]  Influence of Shear Velocity on Vane Shear Strength , 1978 .

[14]  M. Tremblay,et al.  Development of pore pressures in quasi-static penetration tests in sensitive clay , 1982 .

[15]  J. Graham,et al.  Time effects on the stress-strain behaviour of natural soft clays , 1983 .

[16]  Peter K. Robertson,et al.  Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part I: Sand , 1983 .

[17]  Serge Leroueil,et al.  Stress–strain–strain rate relation for the compressibility of sensitive natural clays , 1985 .

[18]  C. R. Ullrich,et al.  Rate of Shear Effects on Vane Shear Strength , 1985 .

[19]  Guy Lefebvre,et al.  Rate effects and cyclic loading of sensitive clays , 1987 .

[20]  Gholamreza Mesri,et al.  Cα/Cc Concept and K0 During Secondary Compression , 1987 .

[21]  Lancelot—an in situ piezometer for soft marine sediments , 1993 .

[22]  M. Randolph,et al.  Punch-through and liquefaction induced failure of shallow foundations on calcareous sediments , 1994 .

[23]  Ilan Juran,et al.  Theory and Practice of Projectile’s Penetration in Soils , 1996 .

[24]  Thomas C. Sheahan,et al.  Rate-Dependent Undrained Shear Behavior of Saturated Clay , 1996 .

[25]  Serge Leroueil,et al.  Importance of Strain Rate and Temperature Effects in Geotechnical Engineering , 1996 .

[26]  Kenichi Soga,et al.  Rate-dependent Deformation of Structured Natural Clays , 1996 .

[27]  Peter K. Robertson,et al.  Cone-penetration testing in geotechnical practice , 1997 .

[28]  Louay N. Mohammad,et al.  MINIATURE CONE PENETRATION TESTS IN SOFT AND STIFF CLAYS , 2000 .

[29]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Evaluating the coefficient of consolidation using penetration tests , 2001 .

[30]  G. Biscontin,et al.  Influence of Peripheral Velocity on Vane Shear Strength of an Artificial Clay , 2001 .

[31]  N. Janbu,et al.  The 1996 Finneidfjord Slide; Seafloor Failure and Slide Dynamics , 2003 .

[32]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Effect of cone velocity on cone resistance and excess pore pressures , 2004 .

[33]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Characterisation of soft sediments for offshore applications , 2004 .

[34]  T. Lunne,et al.  Use of CPTU data in clays/fine grained soils , 2005 .

[35]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Effect of penetration rate on penetrometer resistance in clay , 2006 .

[36]  Malcolm D. Bolton,et al.  An analytical study of the effect of penetration rate on piezocone tests in clay , 2006 .

[37]  J. Osler,et al.  A sediment probe for the rapid assessment of seabed characteristics , 2006 .

[38]  Charles Aubeny,et al.  Interpretation of Impact Penetration Measurements in Soft Clays , 2006 .

[39]  Fernando Schnaid,et al.  Velocity effects on piezocone measurements in normally and over consolidated clays , 2007 .

[40]  D. Stoll,et al.  Seafloor Properties From Penetrometer Tests , 2007, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[41]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  Effect of Penetration Rate on Cone Penetration Resistance in Saturated Clayey Soils , 2008 .

[42]  M. J. Rattley,et al.  Uplift Performance of Transmission Tower Foundations Embedded in Clay , 2008 .

[43]  Strain-rate dependency of strength of soft marine deposits of the Gulf of Mexico , 2009, OCEANS 2009.

[44]  P. Robertson.  Interpretation of cone penetration tests — a unified approach , 2009 .

[45]  Hendrik Hanff,et al.  Geotechnical investigations of sandy seafloors using dynamic penetrometers , 2009, OCEANS 2009.

[46]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Rate effects on penetrometer resistance in kaolin , 2009 .

[47]  Ross W. Boulanger,et al.  Variable penetration rate CPT in an intermediate soil , 2010 .

[48]  Tom Lunne,et al.  The Fourth James K. Mitchell Lecture: The CPT in offshore soil investigations - a historic perspective , 2012 .

[49]  Jason T. DeJong,et al.  Closure of "Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength Using Full-Flow Penetrometers" , 2012 .

[50]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Guidelines for offshore in situ testing and interpretation in deepwater soft clays , 2011 .

[51]  N. Stark,et al.  Detection and quantification of sediment remobilization processes using a dynamic penetrometer , 2011, OCEANS'11 MTS/IEEE KONA.

[52]  N. Stark.  Geotechnical Investigation of Sediment Remobilization Processes using Dynamic Penetrometers , 2011 .

[53]  Alan G. Young,et al.  CPT Stinger - An Innovative Method to Obtain CPT Data for Integrated Geoscience Studies , 2011 .

[54]  L. Mayer,et al.  Sediment identification using free fall penetrometer acceleration-time histories , 2011 .

[55]  Majidreza Nazem,et al.  Dynamic analysis of a smooth penetrometer free-falling into uniform clay , 2012 .

[56]  Achim J Kopf,et al.  Identification of Weak Layers and Their Role for the Stability of Slopes at Finneidfjord, Northern Norway , 2012 .

[57]  Achim J Kopf,et al.  An In-Situ Free-Fall Piezocone Penetrometer for Characterizing Soft and Sensitive Clays at Finneidfjord (Northern Norway) , 2012 .

[58]  Alois Steiner,et al.  Multidisciplinary investigation of a shallow near–shore landslide, Finneidfjord, Norway , 2012 .

[59]  Finneidfjord: a Field Laboratory for Integrated Submarine Slope Stability Assessments and Characterization of Landslide-Prone Sediments: A Review , 2013 .

[60]  R. A. Jaeger,et al.  Variable penetration rate cone testing for characterization of intermediate soils , 2013 .

[61]  M. Randolph,et al.  Soil strength estimation and pore pressure dissipation for free-fall piezocone in soft clay , 2014 .

[62]  M. Hossain,et al.  Dynamic installation of OMNI-Max anchors in clay: numerical analysis , 2015 .

[63]  S. Stegmann,et al.  Cone penetration testing to assess slope stability in the 1979 Nice landslide area (Ligurian Margin, SE France) , 2015 .

[64]  S. Stephan,et al.  Validation of impact penetrometer data by cone penetration testing and shallow seismic data within the regional geology of the Southern North Sea , 2015, Geo-Marine Letters.

[65]  Christophe Gaudin,et al.  Soil response in the wake of dynamically installed projectiles , 2015 .

[66]  M. Hossain,et al.  Effect of strain rate and strain softening on embedment depth of a torpedo anchor in clay , 2015 .

[67]  Mark Randolph,et al.  Numerical investigation of dynamic installation of torpedo anchors in clay , 2015 .