Effects of low concentration biodiesel blends application on modern passenger cars. Part 2: impact on carbonyl compound emissions.

Today in most European member states diesel contains up to 5% vol biodiesel. Since blending is expected to increase to 10% vol, the question arises, how this higher mixing ratio will affect tailpipe emissions particularly those linked to adverse health effects. This paper focuses on the impact of biodiesel on carbonyl compound emissions, attempting also to identify possible relationship between biodiesel feedstock and emissions. The blends were produced from five different feedstocks, commonly used in Europe. Measurements were conducted on a Euro 3 common-rail passenger car over various driving cycles. Results indicate that generally the use of biodiesel at low concentrations has a minor effect on carbonyl compound emissions. However, certain biodiesels resulted in significant increases while others led to decreases. Biodiesels associated with increases were those derived from rapeseed oil (approx. 200%) and palm oil (approx. 180%), with the highest average increases observed at formaldehyde and acroleine/acetone.

[1]  E. J. de Ridder,et al.  Abiotic degradation of 2 butyl- 4- cloro 5 formylimidazole according to legalisation on dangerous substances commission of the european communities consolidated text of council directive 67/548/eec , 1993 .

[2]  V. Feron,et al.  Two-year drinking-water study of formaldehyde in rats. , 1989, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[3]  P. Pereira,et al.  Influence of time, surface-to-volume ratio, and heating process (continuous or intermittent) on the emission rates of selected carbonyl compounds during thermal oxidation of palm and soybean oils. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[4]  L. G. Schumacher,et al.  Review: Utilization of Rapeseed Oil, Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester or Diesel Fuel: Exhaust Gas Emissions and Estimation of Environmental Effects , 1996 .

[5]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol , 2009 .

[6]  Robert Joumard,et al.  Real-world European driving cycles, for measuring pollutant emissions from high- and low-powered cars , 2006 .

[7]  Sergio Machado Corrêa,et al.  Carbonyl emissions in diesel and biodiesel exhaust. , 2008 .

[8]  P. Siskos,et al.  Carbonyl compounds in the urban environment of Athens, Greece. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[9]  M. Gambino,et al.  Emission comparison of urban bus engine fueled with diesel oil and 'biodiesel' blend. , 2004, The Science of the total environment.

[10]  E. Torres,et al.  Carbonyl compounds emitted by a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel–diesel blends: Sampling optimization and emissions profile , 2008 .

[11]  Shijin Shuai,et al.  Characteristics of carbonyl compounds emission from a diesel-engine using biodiesel–ethanol–diesel as fuel , 2006 .

[12]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Effect of biodiesel and bioethanol on exhaust emissions , 2008 .

[13]  Robert L. McCormick,et al.  Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines , 1998 .

[14]  Michael J. Kleeman,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. 2. C1 THROUGH C30 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM MEDIUM DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS , 1999 .

[15]  Chao He,et al.  Comparison of carbonyl compounds emissions from diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel , 2009 .

[16]  Lisa D Pfefferle,et al.  Decomposition and hydrocarbon growth processes for esters in non-premixed flames. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[17]  P. Lioy,et al.  Characteristics of aldehydes: concentrations, sources, and exposures for indoor and outdoor residential microenvironments. , 1994, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  Who Regional Office for Europe,et al.  Air quality guidelines for Europe ; Formaldehyde, WHO regional Publications , 1997 .

[19]  L. Ntziachristos,et al.  Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles , 2009 .

[20]  W. Kluwe,et al.  Encephalopathy in rats and nephropathy in rats and mice after subchronic oral exposure to benzaldehyde. , 1983, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[21]  Vittorio Rocco,et al.  Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of biodiesel in Italy: engine performance and regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[22]  Linda M. Frazier,et al.  Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace , 1997 .

[23]  David R. Cocker,et al.  Real-world emissions of carbonyl compounds from in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks and diesel Back-Up Generators (BUGs) , 2007 .

[24]  A W Gertler,et al.  On-road emissions of carbonyls from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[25]  Octavio Armas,et al.  Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions , 2008 .

[26]  Jin Kusaka,et al.  Experimental study on unregulated emission characteristics of turbocharged DI diesel engine with common rail fuel injection system , 2003 .

[27]  P. F. D. C. Neto,et al.  Produção de biocombustível alternativo ao óleo diesel através da transesterificação de óleo de soja usado em frituras , 2000 .

[28]  Christopher A. Sharp,et al.  The Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Transient Emissions from Modern Diesel Engines, Part II Unregulated Emissions and Chemical Characterization , 2000 .

[29]  Hsi-Hsien Yang,et al.  Effects of the biodiesel blend fuel on aldehyde emissions from diesel engine exhaust , 2008 .

[30]  J Jankovic,et al.  A screening method for occupational reproductive health risk. , 1996, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal.

[31]  Zuohua Huang,et al.  Experimental investigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel blended with biodiesel from waste cooking oil. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.