Evidence-based treatment and supervision practices for co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system

ABSTRACT Background: Over seven million persons in the United States are supervised by the criminal justice system, including many who have co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (CODs). This population is at high risk for recidivism and presents numerous challenges to those working in the justice system. Objectives: To provide a contemporary review of the existing research and examine key issues and evidence-based treatment and supervision practices related to CODs in the justice system. Methods: We reviewed COD research involving offenders that has been conducted over the past 20 years and provide an analysis of key findings. Results: Several empirically supported frameworks are available to guide services for offenders who have CODs, including Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment (IDDT), the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Evidence-based services include integrated assessment that addresses both sets of disorders and the risk for criminal recidivism. Although several evidence-based COD interventions have been implemented at different points in the justice system, there remains a significant gap in services for offenders who have CODs. Existing program models include Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT), day reporting centers, specialized community supervision teams, pre- and post-booking diversion programs, and treatment-based courts (e.g., drug courts, mental health courts, COD dockets). Jail-based COD treatment programs provide stabilization of acute symptoms, medication consultation, and triage to community services, while longer-term prison COD programs feature Modified Therapeutic Communities (MTCs). Conclusion: Despite the availability of multiple evidence-based interventions that have been implemented across diverse justice system settings, these services are not sufficiently used to address the scope of treatment and supervision needs among offenders with CODs.

[1]  R. Peters,et al.  Evidence-based practices for co-occurring disorders in offenders , 2016 .

[2]  W. Carr,et al.  Treatment Attrition of Probationers With Mental Illness From an Enhanced Day Reporting Center , 2016, International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology.

[3]  J. M. Miller,et al.  Validating Program Fidelity: Lessons from the Delaware County Second Chance Initiatives , 2016 .

[4]  J. M. Miller,et al.  Outcome Evaluation of a Family-Based Jail Reentry Program for Substance Abusing Offenders , 2016 .

[5]  B. Ray,et al.  Longer-Term Impacts of Mental Health Courts: Recidivism Two Years After Exit. , 2015, Psychiatric services.

[6]  J. Somers,et al.  Beyond recidivism: changes in health and social service involvement following exposure to drug treatment court , 2015, Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.

[7]  H. Steadman,et al.  Applicability of the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model to Persons With Mental Illness Involved in the Criminal Justice System. , 2015, Psychiatric services.

[8]  Alison Shames.  Solitary Confinement: Common Misconceptions and Emerging Safe Alternatives , 2015 .

[9]  A. Lurigio,et al.  Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders in the criminal justice system: a new frontier of clinical practice and research. , 2015, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[10]  R. Peters,et al.  Behavioral health treatment history among persons in the justice system: Findings from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring II Program. , 2015, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[11]  R. Remien,et al.  PrEP in substance abuse treatment: a qualitative study of treatment provider perspectives , 2015, Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.

[12]  E. Thorsteinsson,et al.  A systematic review of studies examining effectiveness of therapeutic communities , 2014 .

[13]  Sungwoo Lim,et al.  Beyond the bridge: evaluating a novel mental health program in the New York City jail system. , 2014, American journal of public health.

[14]  H. Steadman,et al.  Criminal justice and behavioral health care costs of mental health court participants: a six-year study. , 2014, Psychiatric services.

[15]  Myesa Knox Mahoney.  Procedural justice and the judge-probationer relationship in a co-occurring disorders court. , 2014, International journal of law and psychiatry.

[16]  R. Cardarelli,et al.  Risk of Future Offense Among Probationers with Co-occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders , 2014, Community Mental Health Journal.

[17]  B. Western,et al.  How health care reform can transform the health of criminal justice-involved individuals. , 2014, Health affairs.

[18]  H. Steadman,et al.  Understanding Study Attrition in the Evaluation of Jail Diversion Programs for Persons With Serious Mental Illness or Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders , 2014 .

[19]  Brandy L. Blasko,et al.  The effects of treatment exposure on prison misconduct for female prisoners with substance use, mental health, and co-occurring disorders , 2014 .

[20]  S. Bahr,et al.  An Evaluation of a Short-Term Drug Treatment for Jail Inmates , 2013, International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology.

[21]  F. Pearson,et al.  The Andrews’ principles of risk, needs, and responsivity as applied in drug treatment programs: meta-analysis of crime and drug use outcomes , 2013, Journal of experimental criminology.

[22]  B. Ray,et al.  Effectiveness 2 Years Postexit of a Recently Established Mental Health Court , 2013 .

[23]  R. Peters,et al.  Co-occurring disorders in treatment-based courts: results of a national survey. , 2012, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[24]  A. Lurigio,et al.  Specialized probation programs for people with mental illnesses: a review of practices and research , 2012 .

[25]  S. Sacks,et al.  Randomized trial of a reentry modified therapeutic community for offenders with co-occurring disorders: crime outcomes. , 2012, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[26]  Solveig Spjeldnes,et al.  Positive Family Social Support: Counteracting Negative Effects of Mental Illness and Substance Abuse to Reduce Jail Ex-inmate Recidivism Rates , 2012 .

[27]  W. Fisher,et al.  Arrest Types and Co-occurring Disorders in Persons with Schizophrenia or Related Psychoses , 2012, The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research.

[28]  John K. Roman,et al.  The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: The Impact of Drug Courts , 2011 .

[29]  Kevin Wong,et al.  Process Evaluation of Five Integrated Offender Management Pioneer Areas , 2011 .

[30]  J. Skeem,et al.  Correctional Policy for Offenders with Mental Illness: Creating a New Paradigm for Recidivism Reduction , 2011, Law and human behavior.

[31]  D. Flora,et al.  Treating Offenders with Mental Illness: A Research Synthesis , 2011, Law and human behavior.

[32]  Sheldon X. Zhang,et al.  Therapeutic Community in a California Prison: Treatment Outcomes After 5 Years , 2011 .

[33]  N. Duan,et al.  Prevalence of Criminal Thinking among State Prison Inmates with Serious Mental Illness , 2010, Law and human behavior.

[34]  S. Sacks,et al.  Modified Therapeutic Community for Co-Occurring Disorders: Single Investigator Meta Analysis , 2010, Substance abuse.

[35]  J. Baillargeon,et al.  Risk of Reincarceration Among Prisoners with Co-occurring Severe Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders , 2010, Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.

[36]  J. M. Miller,et al.  Community In‐Reach Through Jail Reentry: Findings from a Quasi‐Experimental Design , 2010 .

[37]  J. Morrissey,et al.  Criminal Justice Involvement, Behavioral Health Service Use, and Costs of Forensic Assertive Community Treatment: A Randomized Trial , 2010, Community Mental Health Journal.

[38]  N. Messina,et al.  A randomized experimental study of gender-responsive substance abuse treatment for women in prison. , 2010, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[39]  James Bonta,et al.  Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. , 2010 .

[40]  B. Williams,et al.  Parole revocation among prison inmates with psychiatric and substance use disorders. , 2009, Psychiatric services.

[41]  Ebony L. Ruhland,et al.  THE EDGE OF STIGMA: AN EXPERIMENTAL AUDIT OF THE EFFECTS OF LOW‐LEVEL CRIMINAL RECORDS ON EMPLOYMENT , 2009 .

[42]  A. Rothbard,et al.  Effectiveness of a jail-based treatment program for individuals with co-occurring disorders. , 2009, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[43]  Steven S. Martin,et al.  Substance Abuse Treatment, Anticipated Maternal Roles, and Reentry Success of Drug-Involved Women Prisoners , 2009 .

[44]  H. Steadman,et al.  Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. , 2009, Psychiatric services.

[45]  Michael Ostermann.  An Analysis of New Jersey's Day Reporting Center and Halfway Back Programs: Embracing the Rehabilitative Ideal Through Evidence Based Practices , 2009 .

[46]  Mary McMurran,et al.  Motivational interviewing with offenders: A systematic review , 2009 .

[47]  Nora D Volkow,et al.  Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: improving public health and safety. , 2009, JAMA.

[48]  Glenn E. Hunt,et al.  Psychosocial Treatments for People with Co‐occurring Severe Mental Illnesses and Substance Use Disorders (Dual Diagnosis): A Review of Empirical Evidence , 2009, Harvard review of psychiatry.

[49]  James Bonta,et al.  Exploring the Black Box of Community Supervision , 2008 .

[50]  S. Sacks,et al.  Diagnostic profiles of offenders in substance abuse treatment programs. , 2008, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[51]  J. Skeem,et al.  Supervising Probationers With Mental Disorder , 2008 .

[52]  F. Pearson,et al.  The Effectiveness of Cognitive‒Behavioural Treatment Methods on Recidivism: Meta‒analytic Outcomes from the CDATE Project , 2008 .

[53]  M. Compton,et al.  A comprehensive review of extant research on Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs. , 2008, The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

[54]  Wayne N Welsh.  A Multisite Evaluation of Prison-Based Therapeutic Community Drug Treatment , 2007 .

[55]  J. Draine,et al.  Limitations and Potential in Current Research on Services for People with Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System , 2007 .

[56]  Christopher J. Sullivan,et al.  Modified Therapeutic Community Treatment for Offenders with MICA Disorders: Substance Use Outcomes , 2007, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[57]  E. Deschenes,et al.  Providing Recovery Services for Offenders with Co-Occurring Disorders , 2006 .

[58]  Christopher J. Sullivan,et al.  Modified Therapeutic Community Treatment for Offenders with MICA Disorders , 2006 .

[59]  K. Hartford,et al.  Pre-arrest diversion of people with mental illness: Literature review and international survey. , 2006, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[60]  V. Hiday,et al.  Mental Health Court Outcomes: A Comparison of Re-Arrest and Re-Arrest Severity Between Mental Health Court and Traditional Court Participants , 2006, Law and human behavior.

[61]  Wilson Compton,et al.  Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[62]  D. A. Andrews,et al.  The Recent Past and Near Future of Risk and/or Need Assessment , 2006 .

[63]  Olga V. Demler,et al.  Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[64]  Olga V. Demler,et al.  Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[65]  H. Steadman,et al.  Assessing the effectiveness of jail diversion programs for persons with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. , 2005, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[66]  W. Fisher,et al.  Relationship between race and ethnicity and forensic clinical triage dispositions. , 2004, Psychiatric services.

[67]  D. Moberg,et al.  Outcome Data for MICA Clients After Participation in an Institutional Therapeutic Community , 2004 .

[68]  N. Messina,et al.  One year return to custody rates among co-disordered offenders. , 2004, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[69]  S. Sacks,et al.  Modified TC for MICA offenders: crime outcomes. , 2004, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[70]  W. Schlenger,et al.  Effects of diversion on adults with co-occurring mental illness and substance use: outcomes from a national multi-site study. , 2004, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[71]  R. Peters,et al.  Challenges in implementing evidence-based treatment practices for co-occurring disorders in the criminal justice system. , 2004, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[72]  J. Foster.  Integrated Treatment for Dual Disorders. A Guide to Effective Practice , 2004 .

[73]  Alexander M. Holsinger,et al.  The Effect of Drug Court Programming on Recidivism: the Cincinnati Experience , 2003 .

[74]  H. Steadman,et al.  A Best Practice Approach to Community Reentry From Jails for Inmates With Co-Occurring Disorders: The Apic Model , 2003 .

[75]  M. Hiller,et al.  Motivation as a Predictor of Therapeutic Engagement in Mandated Residential Substance Abuse Treatment , 2002 .

[76]  H. Steadman,et al.  A specialized crisis response site as a core element of police-based diversion programs. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[77]  James Bonta,et al.  A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of an Intensive Rehabilitation Supervision Program , 2000 .

[78]  H J Steadman,et al.  Comparing outcomes of major models of police responses to mental health emergencies. , 2000, Psychiatric services.

[79]  A. Browne,et al.  Prevalence and severity of lifetime physical and sexual victimization among incarcerated women. , 1999, International journal of law and psychiatry.

[80]  D. Henderson,et al.  Drug abuse and incarcerated women. A research review. , 1998, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[81]  P. Greenbaum,et al.  Prevalence of DSM-IV substance abuse and dependence disorders among prison inmates. , 1998, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[82]  M. Hiller,et al.  Compulsory Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment and the Mentally Ill Criminal Offender , 1996 .

[83]  H. Lamb,et al.  Outcome for psychiatric emergency patients seen by an outreach police-mental health team. , 1995, Psychiatric services.

[84]  R. Bland.  Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study , 1992 .

[85]  L. Teplin,et al.  Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees. Implications for public policy. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[86]  J. Chiles,et al.  Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in prison inmates. , 1990, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[87]  Michael Dear,et al.  Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness , 1987 .

[88]  H. Lamb.  Deinstitutionalization and the homeless mentally ill. , 1984, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[89]  E. Kaplan.  Book Review: The Criminal Personality: A Profile for Change , 1977 .

[90]  F. Pearson,et al.  Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders in Offenders : Approaches , Findings and Recommendations , 2017 .

[91]  M. Hickman,et al.  A descriptive evaluation of the Seattle Police Department's crisis response team officer/mental health professional partnership pilot program. , 2016, International journal of law and psychiatry.

[92]  J. Skeem,et al.  Offenders with mental illness have criminogenic needs, too: toward recidivism reduction. , 2014, Law and human behavior.

[93]  Amy N. Cohen,et al.  Peer wellness coaches for adults with mental illness. , 2014, Psychiatric services.

[94]  B. Western,et al.  The growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences , 2014 .

[95]  Anthony W. Tatman,et al.  Psychometric Properties of the Social Desirability Scale-17 with Individuals on Probation and Parole in the United States , 2014 .

[96]  H. Steadman,et al.  Six Steps to Improve Your Drug Court Outcomes for Adults with Co-Occurring Disorders , 2013 .

[97]  G. Andrews.  Mental Health Frequent Presenters: Key Concerns, Case Management Approaches, and Policy and Programme Considerations for Emergency Services , 2013 .

[98]  Lessons from the States: Reducing Recidivism and Curbing Corrections Costs Through Justice Reinvestment By Council of State Governments Justice Center Published: 04/29/2013 , 2013 .

[99]  David B. Wilson,et al.  Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analytic review of traditional and non-traditional drug courts , 2012 .

[100]  A. Lurigio.  Co-occurring Disorders: Mental Health and Drug Misuse , 2011 .

[101]  M. Vaughn,et al.  Assessing the effectiveness of mental health courts: A quantitative review , 2011 .

[102]  C. Leukefeld,et al.  Handbook of evidence-based substance abuse treatment in criminal justice settings , 2011 .

[103]  E. Torrey,et al.  More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons Than Hospitals: A Survey of the States , 2010 .

[104]  S. Sacks,et al.  Modified therapeutic community for co-occurring disorders: a summary of four studies. , 2008, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[105]  J. Fernández-Montalvo,et al.  Treatment: Evaluation Evaluation of a Therapeutic Community Treatment Program: A Long-Term Follow-up Study in Spain , 2008 .

[106]  R. Peters,et al.  Treatment and Reentry Approaches for Offenders with Co-occurring Disorders , 2007 .

[107]  M. Lipsey,et al.  Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Programs for Criminal Offenders , 2007 .

[108]  Christopher J. Mumola,et al.  Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004: (560272006-001) , 2006 .

[109]  R. Weisman,et al.  The Mentally Ill in Jails and Prisons: Towards an Integrated Model of Prevention , 2004, Psychiatric Quarterly.

[110]  R. Weisman,et al.  Integrating Criminal Justice, Community Healthcare, and Support Services for Adults with Severe Mental Disorders , 2004, Psychiatric Quarterly.

[111]  H. Steadman,et al.  Emerging partnerships between mental health and law enforcement. , 1999, Psychiatric services.

[112]  Terri Gullickson.  The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. , 1995 .

[113]  H. Hills.  Creating Effective Treatment Programs for Personswith Co-Occurring Disorders in the Justice System , 2022 .