Does Hypnosis Make in Vitro, in Vivo?

This case illustrates the use of hypnosis as an adjunct to therapy in phobia treatment. Interventions conducted in an hypnotic context included cue-controlled relaxation and covert desensitization, in which the client reframed her fears and transformed fear-related images into benign stimuli. These interventions were experienced by the client as having an “as real” quality and were successful in reducing her long-standing fear of the wind to a normal level within three sessions. This improvement was maintained at 18 months follow-up. This outcome is discussed in relation to virtual reality approaches to phobia treatments and ways in which hypnosis may facilitate cognitive behavioral techniques.

[1]  Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. , 1995 .

[2]  Peter J. Lang,et al.  Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. , 1968 .

[3]  I. Kirsch Changing expectations: A key to effective psychotherapy. , 1990 .

[4]  A. Weitzenhoffer Behavior therapeutic techniques and hypnotherapeutic methods. , 1972, The American journal of clinical hypnosis.

[5]  B. Rothbaum,et al.  A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[6]  B. Rothbaum,et al.  Using the Virtual World to Improve Quality of Life in the Real World , 2001, VR.

[7]  THE SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION TREATMENT OF NEUROSES , 1961, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[8]  Michael Kahan,et al.  Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Fear of Flying: Acute Treatment and Follow-Up , 2000, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[9]  N. Schoenberger,et al.  Expectancy and fear. , 1999 .

[10]  Mel Slater,et al.  Public Speaking in Virtual Reality: Facing an Audience of Avatars , 1999, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[11]  Julian Meltzoff,et al.  Research in Psychotherapy , 1970 .

[12]  Steven Jay Lynn,et al.  Hypnosis as an empirically supported clinical intervention: The state of the evidence and a look to the future , 2000, The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis.

[13]  C Nahmias,et al.  Where the imaginal appears real: a positron emission tomography study of auditory hallucinations. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  P. Spinhoven Hypnosis and behavior therapy: a review. , 1987, The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis.

[15]  Brenda K. Wiederhold,et al.  Lessons Learned From 600 Virtual Reality Sessions , 2000, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[16]  Chris Barker,et al.  An Experiment on Public Speaking Anxiety in Response to Three Different Types of Virtual Audience , 2002, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[17]  Paul M. Salkovskis,et al.  The cognitive approach to anxiety: Threat beliefs, safety-seeking behavior, and the special case of health anxiety and obsessions. , 1996 .

[18]  J. Wolpe,et al.  Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition , 1958, Conditional reflex.

[19]  I. Kirsch,et al.  Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[20]  Paul M. Salkovskis,et al.  Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy , 1997 .

[21]  J G Watkins,et al.  The affect bridge: a hypnoanalytic technique. , 1971, The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis.

[22]  I. Kirsch Response expectancy theory and application: A decennial review , 1997 .

[23]  I. Kirsch How expectancies shape experience. , 1999 .