Magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerve

Optic nerves are the second pair of cranial nerves and are unique as they represent an extension of the central nervous system. Apart from clinical and ophthalmoscopic evaluation, imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plays an important role in the complete evaluation of optic nerve and the entire visual pathway. In this pictorial essay, the authors describe segmental anatomy of the optic nerve and review the imaging findings of various conditions affecting the optic nerves. MRI allows excellent depiction of the intricate anatomy of optic nerves due to its excellent soft tissue contrast without exposure to ionizing radiation, better delineation of the entire visual pathway, and accurate evaluation of associated intracranial pathologies.

[1]  N. Lenn,et al.  Multiple cranial nerve enhancement in early infantile Krabbe’s disease , 2000, Neurology.

[2]  H. Handa,et al.  Mutations of the PAX6 gene detected in patients with a variety of optic-nerve malformations. , 2003, American journal of human genetics.

[3]  Michael Wall,et al.  High- and low-risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. , 2003, Archives of ophthalmology.

[4]  W. Campbell,et al.  DeJong's The neurologic examination. , 1992 .

[5]  S. Hayreh.  Orbital vascular anatomy , 2006, Eye.

[6]  D. Jacobson,et al.  Optic Perineuritis Clinical and Radiographic Features , 2001 .

[7]  T. Bosley,et al.  Reassessment of sphenoid dysplasia associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. , 2002, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[8]  R. Beck,et al.  What we have learned from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. , 1995, Ophthalmology.

[9]  M. Dattani,et al.  Septo-optic dysplasia , 2010, European Journal of Human Genetics.

[10]  S. Yeh,et al.  Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Review of the Literature , 2012, Autoimmune diseases.

[11]  M. Brodsky.  Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies , 2010 .

[12]  R. Beck,et al.  Design, methods, and conduct of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. , 1993, Controlled clinical trials.

[13]  Sivasubramanian Srinivasan,et al.  Diffusion-weighted MRI in acute posterior ischemic optic neuropathy , 2012, Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging.

[14]  A. Malhotra,et al.  Spectrum of MRI Findings in Morning Glory Syndrome , 2014 .

[15]  B. Stern,et al.  Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis. , 1995, Archives of neurology.

[16]  W. Hsu,et al.  Leukaemic infiltration of the optic nerve as the initial manifestation of leukaemic relapse , 2004, Eye.

[17]  E. Eugster,et al.  Hypopituitarism and Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Relation to Central Nervous System Structural Defects in Children with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia , 2005, Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM.

[18]  J. K. Smith,et al.  Imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[19]  F. Söylemezoğlu,et al.  Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Orbit , 2013, European journal of ophthalmology.

[20]  J. Pula,et al.  Neurosyphilis Presenting as Asymptomatic Optic Perineuritis , 2012, Case reports in ophthalmological medicine.

[21]  M. Heran,et al.  Rare intracanalicular ophthalmic aneurysm: endovascular treatment and review of the literature. , 2005, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[22]  H. Basri,et al.  Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Presenting with Bilateral Optic Neuritis. , 2007, The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS.

[23]  Mahlon D. Johnson,et al.  Erdheim-chester disease mimicking multiple meningiomas syndrome. , 2004, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[24]  R. Behbehani.  Clinical approach to optic neuropathies , 2007, Clinical ophthalmology.

[25]  B. Weinshenker,et al.  The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica , 2007, The Lancet Neurology.

[26]  P. Yu-Wai-Man,et al.  Optic perineuritis as a rare initial presentation of sarcoidosis , 2007, Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.

[27]  T. Bosley,et al.  Orbit deformities in craniofacial neurofibromatosis type 1. , 2003, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[28]  V. Viswanathan,et al.  Wolfram syndrome. , 2008, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[29]  S. Ansari,et al.  Orbital and ocular imaging using 3- and 1.5-T MR imaging systems. , 2005, Neuroimaging clinics of North America.

[30]  M. Dattani,et al.  Genetics of septo-optic dysplasia , 2007, Pituitary.

[31]  G. Plant,et al.  Hyperacute Corticosteroid Treatment of Optic Neuritis at the Onset of Pain May Prevent Visual Loss: A Case Series , 2011, Multiple sclerosis international.

[32]  R. Tubbs,et al.  Relationship between the pituitary stalk angle in prefixed, normal, and postfixed optic chiasmata: an anatomic study with microsurgical application , 2013, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[33]  A. Day,et al.  Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment. A clinical and anatomical analysis. , 1990, Journal of neurosurgery.

[34]  N. Miller,et al.  Primary tumours of the optic nerve and its sheath , 2004, Eye.

[35]  C. Robson,et al.  Morning Glory Disc Anomaly: Characteristic MR Imaging Findings , 2013, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[36]  A. Kawasaki,et al.  Dolichoectatic arterial compression of the anterior visual pathways: neuro-ophthalmic features and clinical course. , 2004, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[37]  L. E. Zimmerman.  Ocular lesions of juvenile xanthogranuloma. Nevoxanthoedothelioma. , 1965, American journal of ophthalmology.

[38]  D. Mikulis,et al.  Diffusion MR imaging in a case of acute ischemic optic neuropathy. , 2006, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[39]  S. S. Osman,et al.  Value of MRI in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis , 2012 .

[40]  Su-Hyun Kim,et al.  Brain Abnormalities in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder , 2012, Multiple sclerosis international.

[41]  A. Kawasaki,et al.  Optic perineuritis secondary to Wegener's granulomatosis , 2009, Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.

[42]  U. Kanamalla.  The optic nerve tram-track sign. , 2003, Radiology.

[43]  J. Curé,et al.  Correlation of MR Imaging Findings and Clinical Manifestations in Neurosarcoidosis , 2009, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[44]  Dwayne A Elias,et al.  MRI and CT of sellar and parasellar disorders. , 1987, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[45]  A. Al-Futaisi,et al.  Septo-optic dysplasia complex: Clinical and radiological manifestations in Omani children , 2013, Oman journal of ophthalmology.

[46]  L. Levin,et al.  Risk of multiple sclerosis after optic neuritis. , 2003, JAMA.

[47]  The optic nerve: a clinical perspective , 2011 .

[48]  L. Walsh,et al.  Two cases further delineating the Sakoda complex , 2007, American journal of medical genetics. Part A.

[49]  S. Blaser,et al.  Optic pathway glioma: correlation of imaging findings with the presence of neurofibromatosis. , 2001, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[50]  W. Hitam,et al.  Optic perineuritis secondary to tuberculosis: A rare case presentation , 2012 .

[51]  F. A. Shamsi,et al.  Orbital Pseudotumor: Distinct Diagnostic Features and Management , 2008, Middle East African journal of ophthalmology.

[52]  K. Yeom,et al.  High-resolution MR imaging of the orbit in patients with retinoblastoma. , 2012, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[53]  P. Garcia-Filion,et al.  The syndrome of optic nerve hypoplasia , 2008, Current neurology and neuroscience reports.

[54]  C. Mardin,et al.  Successful remission induction with a combination therapy of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and steroids in a patient with refractory optic neuritis in Wegener’s granulomatosis , 2013, Clinical Rheumatology.

[55]  B. Fox,et al.  Carcinoma of the breast metastatic to the optic nerve mimicking an optic nerve sheath meningioma: case report and review of the literature. , 2005, Skull base : official journal of North American Skull Base Society ... [et al.].

[56]  H. Grossniklaus,et al.  Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the orbit: five clinicopathologic cases and review of the literature. , 2013, Survey of ophthalmology.

[57]  H. Budka,et al.  Early infantile form of Krabbe disease with optic hypertrophy: serial MR examinations and autopsy correlation. , 1994, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[58]  N. Volpe,et al.  Optic neuritis and risk of MS: Differential diagnosis and management , 2009, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine.

[59]  M. Unal,et al.  Characterization of the anatomic location of the pituitary stalk and its relationship to the dorsum sellae, tuberculum sellae and chiasmatic cistern. , 2010, Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.

[60]  Jeffrey A. Cohen,et al.  Emerging therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis. , 2009, Archives of neurology.

[61]  M. Brodsky,et al.  Neurologic impairment 10 years after optic neuritis. , 2004, Archives of neurology.

[62]  J. Taveras,et al.  Abnormal corpus callosum: a sensitive and specific indicator of multiple sclerosis. , 1991, Radiology.

[63]  Optic nerve enlargement in Krabbe's disease. , 1999, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[64]  D. Turnbull,et al.  Leber hereditary optic neuropathy , 2002, Journal of medical genetics.

[65]  A. Degnan,et al.  Pseudotumor Cerebri: Brief Review of Clinical Syndrome and Imaging Findings , 2011, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[66]  Aamish Z Kazi,et al.  MRI evaluation of pathologies affecting the corpus callosum: A pictorial essay , 2013, Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging.

[67]  A. Razek,et al.  MRI of retinoblastoma. , 2011, The British journal of radiology.

[68]  M. Yen,et al.  Systemic lupus erythematosus‐associated optic neuritis: clinical experience and literature review , 2009, Acta ophthalmologica.

[69]  R. Turbin,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of orbital optic nerve sheath meningioma. , 2004, Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center.

[70]  M. Monteiro,et al.  Imaging studies for diagnosing Graves' orbitopathy and dysthyroid optic neuropathy , 2012, Clinics.