A Plan-Based Analysis of Indirect Speech Act

We propose an account of indirect forms of speech acts to request and inform based on the hypothesis that language users can recognize actions being performed by others, infer goals being sought, and cooperate in their achievement. This cooperative behaviour is independently motivated and may or may not be intended by speakers. If the hearer believes it is intended, he or she can recognize the speech act as indirect; otherwise it is interpreted directly. Heuristics are suggested to decide among the interpretations.

[1]  B. Russell,et al.  Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy , 1920, The Mathematical Gazette.

[2]  N. Malcolm.  On Knowledge and Belief , 1954 .

[3]  W. V. Quine.  Quantifiers and Propositional Attitudes , 1956 .

[4]  Edmund L. Gettier.  Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? , 1963, Arguing About Knowledge.

[5]  P. Strawson.  Intention and Convention in Speech Acts , 1964 .

[6]  Richard Fikes,et al.  STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving , 1971, IJCAI.

[7]  Earl D. Sacerdoti,et al.  Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces , 1974, IJCAI.

[8]  Earl D. Sacerdott.  Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces , 1973, IJCAI 1973.

[9]  D. Stampe.  Meaning and Truth in the Theory of Speech Acts , 1975 .

[10]  Earl D. Sacerdoti,et al.  The Nonlinear Nature of Plans , 1975, IJCAI.

[11]  Bertram C. Bruce.  Belief systems and language understanding , 1975 .

[12]  G. Green.  How to get people to do things with words , 1975 .

[13]  J. Searle,et al.  Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts , 1975 .

[14]  James K. Feibleman.  The Problem of Knowledge , 1976 .

[15]  Robert C. Moore.  Reasoning About Knowledge and Action , 1977, IJCAI.

[16]  J. L. Morgan,et al.  Two Types of Convention in Indirect Speech Acts. Technical Report No. 52. , 1977 .

[17]  J. Morgan.  Conversational postulates revisited , 1977 .

[18]  Beranek Bolt,et al.  Research in natural language understanding , 1978 .

[19]  Philip R. Cohen.  On knowing what to say: planning speech acts. , 1978 .

[20]  N. S. Sridharan,et al.  The Plan Recognition Problem: An Intersection of Psychology and Artificial Intelligence , 1978, Artif. Intell..

[21]  Ronald J. Brachman,et al.  Research in Natural Language Understanding , 1978 .

[22]  C. Raymond Perrault,et al.  Speech Acts as a Basis for Understanding Dialogue Coherence , 1978, TINLAP.

[23]  Jerry L. Morgan.  Toward a rational model of discourse comprehension , 1978, TINLAP '78.

[24]  James F. Allen.  A plan-based approach to speech act recognition , 1979 .

[25]  C. Raymond Perrault,et al.  Analyzing Intention in Utterances , 1986, Artif. Intell..

[26]  David D. McDonald.  Natural language production as a process of decision-making under constraints , 1980 .

[27]  Gretchen Brown,et al.  Characterizing Indirect Speech Acts , 1980, Am. J. Comput. Linguistics.

[28]  Douglas E. Appelt,et al.  Problem Solving Applied to Language Generation , 1980, ACL.

[29]  C. Raymond Perrault,et al.  It's for Your Own Good: A Note on Inaccurate Reference. , 1981 .

[30]  J. Allen.  Recognizing intentions from natural language utterances , 1982 .