The biological relevance of virus neutralisation sites for virulence and vaccine protection in the guinea pig model of foot-and-mouth disease.

Five neutralisation epitopes have been defined for the O1 Kaufbeuren strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by neutralising murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). A mutant virus which is resistant to all these Mabs also resists neutralisation by bovine polyclonal sera, and this characteristic was exploited in the current study to investigate the biological relevance of neutralisation sites in FMDV virulence and vaccine protection. The five site neutralisation-resistant mutant was shown to be as pathogenic as wild-type virus in the guinea pig model of FMD. Guinea pigs were protected in cross-challenge studies from virulent wild-type and mutant viruses using either wild-type or mutant 146S antigen as inactivated whole virus vaccine. Furthermore, hyperimmune sera raised to either wild-type or mutant antigen offered passive protection against wild-type challenge, in spite of the serum raised against the mutant antigen having minimal neutralising activity in vitro. These results imply that virus neutralisation, at least as defined by the in vitro assay, may not play an essential role in the mechanism of immunity induced by whole inactivated FMDV vaccines.

[1]  A. Donaldson,et al.  Natural adaption to pigs of a Taiwanese isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus , 1997, Veterinary Record.

[2]  A. Barrett,et al.  Antigenic variants of yellow fever virus with an altered neurovirulence phenotype in mice. , 1997, Virology.

[3]  D I Stuart,et al.  Structure of the complex of an Fab fragment of a neutralizing antibody with foot‐and‐mouth disease virus: positioning of a highly mobile antigenic loop , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[4]  E. C. Beuvery,et al.  Immunogenicity of a pilot inactivated poliovirus vaccine with trypsin-treated type 3-component. , 1997, Vaccine.

[5]  K. Stiasny,et al.  Characterization of monoclonal antibody-escape mutants of tick-borne encephalitis virus with reduced neuroinvasiveness in mice. , 1997, The Journal of general virology.

[6]  J. Burroughs,et al.  Competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus. , 1995, Journal of virological methods.

[7]  M. G. Mateu,et al.  Antibody recognition of picornaviruses and escape from neutralization: a structural view. , 1995, Virus research.

[8]  N. Knowles,et al.  Antigenic analysis of SAT 2 serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from Zimbabwe using monoclonal antibodies , 1995, Epidemiology and Infection.

[9]  D. Stuart,et al.  Structural comparison of two strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype O1 and a laboratory antigenic variant, G67. , 1995, Structure.

[10]  E. Domingo,et al.  A highly divergent antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus retains its immunodominance. , 1995, Viral immunology.

[11]  R. Burger,et al.  T-lymphocyte responses in guinea pigs vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 1994, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[12]  P. Barnett,et al.  Emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease: rate of development of immunity and its implications for the carrier state. , 1994, Vaccine.

[13]  J. Crowther,et al.  Identification of a fifth neutralizable site on type O foot-and-mouth disease virus following characterization of single and quintuple monoclonal antibody escape mutants. , 1993, The Journal of general virology.

[14]  P. Grigera,et al.  Large-scale use of liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA for the evaluation of protective immunity against aphthovirus in cattle vaccinated with oil-adjuvanted vaccines in Argentina. , 1993, Vaccine.

[15]  M. Roivainen,et al.  Persistence and class-specificity of neutralizing antibody response induced by trypsin-cleaved type 3 poliovirus in mice. , 1993, Vaccine.

[16]  J. Spouge.  Statistical analysis of sparse infection data and its implications for retroviral treatment trials in primates. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  K. McCullough,et al.  Protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease , 1992, Journal of virology.

[18]  R. DiMarchi,et al.  Maturation of functional antibody affinity in animals immunised with synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 1992, Research in veterinary science.

[19]  P. Hingley,et al.  Foot and mouth disease vaccine potency tests in cattle: the interrelationship of antigen dose, serum neutralizing antibody response and protection from challenge. , 1992, Vaccine.

[20]  F. Brown.  New approaches to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. , 1992, Vaccine.

[21]  N. Knowles,et al.  Evaluation of a trapping ELISA for the differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains using monoclonal antibodies. , 1991, Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization.

[22]  J. Saiz,et al.  Identification of neutralizing antigenic sites on VP1 and VP2 of type A5 foot-and-mouth disease virus, defined by neutralization-resistant variants , 1991, Journal of virology.

[23]  E. Gould,et al.  Nucleotide changes responsible for loss of neuroinvasiveness in Japanese encephalitis virus neutralization-resistant mutants. , 1991, Virology.

[24]  A. Moraska,et al.  Selection of an attenuated Coxsackievirus B3 variant, using a monoclonal antibody reactive to myocyte antigen , 1991, Journal of virology.

[25]  R. DiMarchi,et al.  Mouse protection test as a predictor of the protective capacity of synthetic foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. , 1991, Vaccine.

[26]  R. DiMarchi,et al.  High-affinity antibody induced by immunization with a synthetic peptide is associated with protection of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease. , 1991, Immunology.

[27]  G. Belsham,et al.  Sequence analysis of monoclonal antibody resistant mutants of type O foot and mouth disease virus: evidence for the involvement of the three surface exposed capsid proteins in four antigenic sites. , 1990, Virology.

[28]  E. Norrby,et al.  Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) amino acid alterations in neutralization escape mutants of Kilham mumps virus. , 1990, Virus research.

[29]  H. Bahnemann.  Inactivation of viral antigens for vaccine preparation with particular reference to the application of binary ethylenimine , 1990, Vaccine.

[30]  J. R. Brubaker,et al.  Variants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that resist neutralization define a domain of the E2 glycoprotein. , 1990, Virology.

[31]  R. DiMarchi,et al.  Heterotypic protection induced by synthetic peptides corresponding to three serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus , 1990, Journal of virology.

[32]  E. Wimmer,et al.  Improved distribution of antigenic site specificity of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies induced by a protease-cleaved immunogen in mice , 1990, Journal of virology.

[33]  C. van Maanen,et al.  Comparison of a liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA and a serum neutralization test to evaluate immunity in potency tests of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. , 1989, Journal of immunological methods.

[34]  M. Routbort,et al.  Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus neutralization escape mutants have a change in disease phenotype , 1989, Journal of virology.

[35]  E. Gould,et al.  Use of a monoclonal antibody specific for wild-type yellow fever virus to identify a wild-type antigenic variant in 17D vaccine pools. , 1989, The Journal of general virology.

[36]  R. Fujinami,et al.  A neutralization-resistant Theiler's virus variant produces an altered disease pattern in the mouse central nervous system , 1989, Journal of virology.

[37]  R. Meloen,et al.  Evidence for at least four antigenic sites on type O foot-and-mouth disease virus involved in neutralization; identification by single and multiple site monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants. , 1989, The Journal of general virology.

[38]  David Rowlands,et al.  The three-dimensional structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus at 2.9 Å resolution , 1989, Nature.

[39]  K. Tyler,et al.  Antibody protects against lethal infection with the neurally spreading reovirus type 3 (Dearing) , 1988, Journal of virology.

[40]  K. McCullough,et al.  Opsonization-enhanced phagocytosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 1988, Immunology.

[41]  R. Kitching,et al.  Rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 1988, Vaccine.

[42]  S. Barteling,et al.  Antigenic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus type A10 , 1988, Journal of virology.

[43]  H. Schaller,et al.  Analysis of neutralizing epitopes on foot-and-mouth disease virus , 1988, Journal of virology.

[44]  R. Kitching,et al.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus: III. Evaluation of antibodies after infection and vaccination , 1987, Epidemiology and Infection.

[45]  M. Roivainen,et al.  Intestinal trypsin can significantly modify antigenic properties of polioviruses: implications for the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine , 1987, Journal of virology.

[46]  K. McCullough,et al.  Conformational alteration in foot-and-mouth disease virus virion capsid structure after complexing with monospecific antibody. , 1987, Immunology.

[47]  J. Crowther,et al.  A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. II. Application. , 1986, Journal of immunological methods.

[48]  J. Hogle,et al.  Modulation of humoral response to a 12-amino-acid site on the poliovirus virion , 1986, Journal of virology.

[49]  K. McCullough,et al.  Immune protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus studied using virus-neutralizing and non-neutralizing concentrations of monoclonal antibodies. , 1986, Immunology.

[50]  R. DiMarchi,et al.  Protection of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease by a synthetic peptide. , 1986, Science.

[51]  A. Barrett,et al.  Neutralizing (54K) and non-neutralizing (54K and 48K) monoclonal antibodies against structural and non-structural yellow fever virus proteins confer immunity in mice. , 1986, The Journal of general virology.

[52]  Pay Tw,et al.  The use of serum neutralizing antibody assay for the determination of the potency of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in cattle. , 1986 .

[53]  J. Glorioso,et al.  Passive immune protection by herpes simplex virus-specific monoclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants altered in pathogenicity , 1985, Journal of virology.

[54]  P. Minor.  Growth assay and purification of picornaviruses , 1985 .

[55]  D. Filman,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution. , 1985, Science.

[56]  S. Kuge,et al.  Antigenic variation and resistance to neutralization in poliovirus type 1. , 1985, Science.

[57]  H. Snippe,et al.  Mechanisms of monoclonal antibody-mediated protection against virulent Semliki Forest virus , 1985, Journal of virology.

[58]  B. Mahy.  Virology : a practical approach , 1985 .

[59]  L. Lefrançois.  Protection against lethal viral infection by neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies: distinct mechanisms of action in vivo , 1984, Journal of virology.

[60]  G. Taylor,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies protect against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. , 1984, Immunology.

[61]  E. Wimmer,et al.  Poliovirus antigenic sites and vaccines , 1984, Nature.

[62]  A. Andersen,et al.  Protective role of foot-and-mouth disease virus antibody in vitro and in vivo in guinea-pigs. , 1983, The Journal of general virology.

[63]  S. Bacchetti,et al.  Protection against lethal challenge of BALB/c mice by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies to five glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus type 2 , 1982, Infection and immunity.

[64]  J. Dalrymple,et al.  Non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies can prevent lethal alphavirus encephalitis , 1982, Nature.

[65]  A. Andersen,et al.  Difference in protective immunity of the tongue and feet of guinea pigs vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12 following intradermolingual and footpad challenge. , 1982, Veterinary microbiology.

[66]  A. Andersen,et al.  Immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs: clinical and immune responses , 1979, Infection and immunity.

[67]  J. Crowther,et al.  Enzyme-labelled immunosorbent assay techniques in foot-and-mouth disease virus research , 1978, Journal of Hygiene.